A scenario-based approach for probabilistic load flow analysis of electric vehicle charging and photovoltaic integration in distribution systems: An Indonesian case study

Deploying Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) and Photovoltaic (PV) generation into distribution networks supports clean energy goals and the electrification of transport. However, these technologies introduce operational uncertainties that are often underestimated in conventional studies. Thi...

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Main Authors: Jimmy Trio Putra, M. Isnaeni Bambang Setyonegoro, Sasongko Pramono Hadi, Sarjiya
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Results in Engineering
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025022698
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author Jimmy Trio Putra
M. Isnaeni Bambang Setyonegoro
Sasongko Pramono Hadi
Sarjiya
author_facet Jimmy Trio Putra
M. Isnaeni Bambang Setyonegoro
Sasongko Pramono Hadi
Sarjiya
author_sort Jimmy Trio Putra
collection DOAJ
description Deploying Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) and Photovoltaic (PV) generation into distribution networks supports clean energy goals and the electrification of transport. However, these technologies introduce operational uncertainties that are often underestimated in conventional studies. This paper addresses the lack of realistic uncertainty modeling by constructing probabilistic profiles for EVCS loads and PV generation based on real-world data. A scenario-based approach is conducted to evaluate the impact of these uncertainties on system performance. The results show that voltage fluctuations occurred on each bus during the simulation. PV integration reduces power losses; however, integrating the demand for EVCS increases them. The average correlation between EVCS load and bus voltage is strongly negative, with -0.7452 for the 33-bus system and -0.4622 for the 69-bus system. These values indicate that increased EVCS demand tends to reduce voltage levels across the network, reflecting the sensitivity of bus voltages to charging activities. This study can serve as a basis for research on integrating the EVCS load and PV generation, which exhibit uncertain characteristics.
format Article
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issn 2590-1230
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publishDate 2025-09-01
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series Results in Engineering
spelling doaj-art-bc0fcc1baea64432abeaaf2d448ef49c2025-08-20T02:41:20ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-09-012710619710.1016/j.rineng.2025.106197A scenario-based approach for probabilistic load flow analysis of electric vehicle charging and photovoltaic integration in distribution systems: An Indonesian case studyJimmy Trio Putra0M. Isnaeni Bambang Setyonegoro1Sasongko Pramono Hadi2 Sarjiya3Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika No. 2, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Department of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Yacaranda, Sekip Unit III, Yogyakarta, 55281, IndonesiaDepartment of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika No. 2, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, IndonesiaDepartment of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika No. 2, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, IndonesiaDepartment of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika No. 2, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Center for Energy Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok K1-A, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Corresponding author at: Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika No. 2, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.Deploying Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) and Photovoltaic (PV) generation into distribution networks supports clean energy goals and the electrification of transport. However, these technologies introduce operational uncertainties that are often underestimated in conventional studies. This paper addresses the lack of realistic uncertainty modeling by constructing probabilistic profiles for EVCS loads and PV generation based on real-world data. A scenario-based approach is conducted to evaluate the impact of these uncertainties on system performance. The results show that voltage fluctuations occurred on each bus during the simulation. PV integration reduces power losses; however, integrating the demand for EVCS increases them. The average correlation between EVCS load and bus voltage is strongly negative, with -0.7452 for the 33-bus system and -0.4622 for the 69-bus system. These values indicate that increased EVCS demand tends to reduce voltage levels across the network, reflecting the sensitivity of bus voltages to charging activities. This study can serve as a basis for research on integrating the EVCS load and PV generation, which exhibit uncertain characteristics.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025022698Electric vehicle charging stationPhotovoltaic generationProbabilistic load flowUncertaintyWeighted k-means clustering
spellingShingle Jimmy Trio Putra
M. Isnaeni Bambang Setyonegoro
Sasongko Pramono Hadi
Sarjiya
A scenario-based approach for probabilistic load flow analysis of electric vehicle charging and photovoltaic integration in distribution systems: An Indonesian case study
Results in Engineering
Electric vehicle charging station
Photovoltaic generation
Probabilistic load flow
Uncertainty
Weighted k-means clustering
title A scenario-based approach for probabilistic load flow analysis of electric vehicle charging and photovoltaic integration in distribution systems: An Indonesian case study
title_full A scenario-based approach for probabilistic load flow analysis of electric vehicle charging and photovoltaic integration in distribution systems: An Indonesian case study
title_fullStr A scenario-based approach for probabilistic load flow analysis of electric vehicle charging and photovoltaic integration in distribution systems: An Indonesian case study
title_full_unstemmed A scenario-based approach for probabilistic load flow analysis of electric vehicle charging and photovoltaic integration in distribution systems: An Indonesian case study
title_short A scenario-based approach for probabilistic load flow analysis of electric vehicle charging and photovoltaic integration in distribution systems: An Indonesian case study
title_sort scenario based approach for probabilistic load flow analysis of electric vehicle charging and photovoltaic integration in distribution systems an indonesian case study
topic Electric vehicle charging station
Photovoltaic generation
Probabilistic load flow
Uncertainty
Weighted k-means clustering
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025022698
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