Effects of Nitrogen Application at Different Panicle Development Stages on the Panicle Structure and Grain Yield in Hybrid Indica Rice Cultivars
To increase the seed setting rate and yield of large-panicle rice varieties, one agronomic and breeding strategy is to increase the proportion of spikelets in the middle portion of the panicle as many of the lower spikelets fail to produce grains. Current nitrogen management during panicle developme...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| author | Qiguang Zhang Jie Sun Longping Wang Jun Chen Jian Ke Liquan Wu |
| author_facet | Qiguang Zhang Jie Sun Longping Wang Jun Chen Jian Ke Liquan Wu |
| author_sort | Qiguang Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To increase the seed setting rate and yield of large-panicle rice varieties, one agronomic and breeding strategy is to increase the proportion of spikelets in the middle portion of the panicle as many of the lower spikelets fail to produce grains. Current nitrogen management during panicle development mainly focuses on fertilization at the emergence of the top fourth leaf, which increases the number of secondary branch spikelets on the lower part of the panicle. Two-year field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 with two typical large-panicle hybrid indica rice cultivars, IIYM86 and JLY8612. Nitrogen was applied at the emergence of the top fifth (TL5), fourth (TL4), third (TL3), and second (TL2) leaves, with no nitrogen application as a control. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen application on the panicle structure, seed setting rate, and grain yield at different stages of panicle development. Nitrogen application at TL3 achieved the highest grain yield, followed by application at TL4, for both cultivars over the two years. TL3 did not significantly alter the number of spikelets per panicle but increased the proportion of spikelets located in the middle part of the panicle and reduced the proportions in the upper and lower parts compared to TL4. These effects were attributed to a significant increase in secondary branch spikelet differentiation in the middle part and a decrease in secondary branch spikelet differentiation in the upper and lower parts. Compared to TL4, TL3 significantly increased the seed setting rate by 9.46 and 9.48% and the grain yield by 6.86 and 8.92% in IIYM86 and JLY8612, respectively. In TL3, the significant increase in secondary branch spikelet differentiation in the middle part was primarily due to significantly reduced indole acetic acid (IAA) and an increased cytokinin/IAA ratio, which inhibited apical dominance. The significant decrease in secondary branch spikelet differentiation in the lower part of TL3 was mainly related to a significant increase in IAA and a reduction in the cytokinin/IAA ratio. Transcriptome analysis of young panicles confirmed these results, and differentially expressed genes between TL3 and TL4 were primarily enriched in plant hormone signal transduction related to IAA biosynthesis and degradation. These findings indicate that postponing nitrogen application until TL3 can improve the PTI and the seed setting rate by regulating hormonal balance, thereby optimizing nitrogen management during panicle development in large-panicle hybrid indica rice cultivars. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bbf95cc89a2649bf86899467cc745f58 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-bbf95cc89a2649bf86899467cc745f582025-08-20T02:41:48ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952025-02-0115359510.3390/agronomy15030595Effects of Nitrogen Application at Different Panicle Development Stages on the Panicle Structure and Grain Yield in Hybrid Indica Rice CultivarsQiguang Zhang0Jie Sun1Longping Wang2Jun Chen3Jian Ke4Liquan Wu5Anhui Agricultural Reclamation Group Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, ChinaAnhui Agricultural Reclamation Group Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, ChinaAnhui Agricultural Reclamation Group Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, ChinaTo increase the seed setting rate and yield of large-panicle rice varieties, one agronomic and breeding strategy is to increase the proportion of spikelets in the middle portion of the panicle as many of the lower spikelets fail to produce grains. Current nitrogen management during panicle development mainly focuses on fertilization at the emergence of the top fourth leaf, which increases the number of secondary branch spikelets on the lower part of the panicle. Two-year field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 with two typical large-panicle hybrid indica rice cultivars, IIYM86 and JLY8612. Nitrogen was applied at the emergence of the top fifth (TL5), fourth (TL4), third (TL3), and second (TL2) leaves, with no nitrogen application as a control. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen application on the panicle structure, seed setting rate, and grain yield at different stages of panicle development. Nitrogen application at TL3 achieved the highest grain yield, followed by application at TL4, for both cultivars over the two years. TL3 did not significantly alter the number of spikelets per panicle but increased the proportion of spikelets located in the middle part of the panicle and reduced the proportions in the upper and lower parts compared to TL4. These effects were attributed to a significant increase in secondary branch spikelet differentiation in the middle part and a decrease in secondary branch spikelet differentiation in the upper and lower parts. Compared to TL4, TL3 significantly increased the seed setting rate by 9.46 and 9.48% and the grain yield by 6.86 and 8.92% in IIYM86 and JLY8612, respectively. In TL3, the significant increase in secondary branch spikelet differentiation in the middle part was primarily due to significantly reduced indole acetic acid (IAA) and an increased cytokinin/IAA ratio, which inhibited apical dominance. The significant decrease in secondary branch spikelet differentiation in the lower part of TL3 was mainly related to a significant increase in IAA and a reduction in the cytokinin/IAA ratio. Transcriptome analysis of young panicles confirmed these results, and differentially expressed genes between TL3 and TL4 were primarily enriched in plant hormone signal transduction related to IAA biosynthesis and degradation. These findings indicate that postponing nitrogen application until TL3 can improve the PTI and the seed setting rate by regulating hormonal balance, thereby optimizing nitrogen management during panicle development in large-panicle hybrid indica rice cultivars.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/3/595panicle nitrogen applicationpanicle structurehormonal balanceseed setting raterice yield |
| spellingShingle | Qiguang Zhang Jie Sun Longping Wang Jun Chen Jian Ke Liquan Wu Effects of Nitrogen Application at Different Panicle Development Stages on the Panicle Structure and Grain Yield in Hybrid Indica Rice Cultivars Agronomy panicle nitrogen application panicle structure hormonal balance seed setting rate rice yield |
| title | Effects of Nitrogen Application at Different Panicle Development Stages on the Panicle Structure and Grain Yield in Hybrid Indica Rice Cultivars |
| title_full | Effects of Nitrogen Application at Different Panicle Development Stages on the Panicle Structure and Grain Yield in Hybrid Indica Rice Cultivars |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Nitrogen Application at Different Panicle Development Stages on the Panicle Structure and Grain Yield in Hybrid Indica Rice Cultivars |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Nitrogen Application at Different Panicle Development Stages on the Panicle Structure and Grain Yield in Hybrid Indica Rice Cultivars |
| title_short | Effects of Nitrogen Application at Different Panicle Development Stages on the Panicle Structure and Grain Yield in Hybrid Indica Rice Cultivars |
| title_sort | effects of nitrogen application at different panicle development stages on the panicle structure and grain yield in hybrid indica rice cultivars |
| topic | panicle nitrogen application panicle structure hormonal balance seed setting rate rice yield |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/3/595 |
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