RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Artificial Surface and Urban Blue-Green Space on Land Surface Temperature in 28 Major Cities in China
The two most common land cover types in urban areas, artificial surface (AS) and urban blue-green space (UBGS), interact with land surface temperature (LST) and exhibit competitive effects, namely, heating and cooling effects. Understanding the variation of these effects along the AS ratio gradient...
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| author | Liang Chen Xuelei Wang Xiaobin Cai Chao Yang Xiaorong Lu |
| author_facet | Liang Chen Xuelei Wang Xiaobin Cai Chao Yang Xiaorong Lu |
| author_sort | Liang Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The two most common land cover types in urban areas, artificial surface (AS) and urban blue-green space (UBGS), interact with land surface temperature (LST) and exhibit competitive effects, namely, heating and cooling effects. Understanding the variation of these effects along the AS ratio gradient is highly important for the healthy development of cities. In this study, we aimed to find the critical point of the joint competitive effects of UBGS and AS on LST, and to explore the variability in different climate zones and cities at different development levels. An urban land cover map and LST distribution map were produced using Sentinel-2 images and Landsat-8 LST data, respectively, covering 28 major cities in China. On this basis, the characteristics of water, vegetation, and LST in these cities were analyzed. Moreover, the UBGS (water or vegetation)–AS–LST relationship of each city was quantitatively explored. The results showed that UBGS and AS have a competitive relationship and jointly affect LST; this competition has a critical point (threshold). When the proportion of UBGS exceeds this value, UBGS replaces AS as the dominant variable for LST, bringing about a cooling effect. In contrast, when AS dominates LST, it causes a warming effect. The critical points between AS and water and between AS and vegetation in 28 major cities in China were 80% and 70%, respectively. The critical point showed an obvious zonal difference. Compared with cities in subtropical and temperate climate regions, the critical point of arid cities is higher, and UBGS exhibited better performance at alleviating the urban thermal environment. The critical point of cities with higher development levels is lower than that of cities with lower development levels. Even areas with relatively low AS coverage are prone to high temperatures, and more attention should be paid to improving the coverage of UBGS. Our research results provide a reference for the more reasonable handling of the relationship between urban construction, landscape layout, and temperature control. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bb6d5c17c76d4f419b5bcbd30e195ade |
| institution | DOAJ |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-bb6d5c17c76d4f419b5bcbd30e195ade2025-08-20T02:57:47ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-01-0114344810.3390/rs14030448RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Artificial Surface and Urban Blue-Green Space on Land Surface Temperature in 28 Major Cities in ChinaLiang Chen0Xuelei Wang1Xiaobin Cai2Chao Yang3Xiaorong Lu4Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation of Hubei, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, ChinaKey Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation of Hubei, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, ChinaKey Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation of Hubei, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, ChinaKey Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation of Hubei, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, ChinaKey Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation of Hubei, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, ChinaThe two most common land cover types in urban areas, artificial surface (AS) and urban blue-green space (UBGS), interact with land surface temperature (LST) and exhibit competitive effects, namely, heating and cooling effects. Understanding the variation of these effects along the AS ratio gradient is highly important for the healthy development of cities. In this study, we aimed to find the critical point of the joint competitive effects of UBGS and AS on LST, and to explore the variability in different climate zones and cities at different development levels. An urban land cover map and LST distribution map were produced using Sentinel-2 images and Landsat-8 LST data, respectively, covering 28 major cities in China. On this basis, the characteristics of water, vegetation, and LST in these cities were analyzed. Moreover, the UBGS (water or vegetation)–AS–LST relationship of each city was quantitatively explored. The results showed that UBGS and AS have a competitive relationship and jointly affect LST; this competition has a critical point (threshold). When the proportion of UBGS exceeds this value, UBGS replaces AS as the dominant variable for LST, bringing about a cooling effect. In contrast, when AS dominates LST, it causes a warming effect. The critical points between AS and water and between AS and vegetation in 28 major cities in China were 80% and 70%, respectively. The critical point showed an obvious zonal difference. Compared with cities in subtropical and temperate climate regions, the critical point of arid cities is higher, and UBGS exhibited better performance at alleviating the urban thermal environment. The critical point of cities with higher development levels is lower than that of cities with lower development levels. Even areas with relatively low AS coverage are prone to high temperatures, and more attention should be paid to improving the coverage of UBGS. Our research results provide a reference for the more reasonable handling of the relationship between urban construction, landscape layout, and temperature control.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/448urban blue-green spaceland surface temperaturecooling effectartificial surfaceChina |
| spellingShingle | Liang Chen Xuelei Wang Xiaobin Cai Chao Yang Xiaorong Lu RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Artificial Surface and Urban Blue-Green Space on Land Surface Temperature in 28 Major Cities in China Remote Sensing urban blue-green space land surface temperature cooling effect artificial surface China |
| title | RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Artificial Surface and Urban Blue-Green Space on Land Surface Temperature in 28 Major Cities in China |
| title_full | RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Artificial Surface and Urban Blue-Green Space on Land Surface Temperature in 28 Major Cities in China |
| title_fullStr | RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Artificial Surface and Urban Blue-Green Space on Land Surface Temperature in 28 Major Cities in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Artificial Surface and Urban Blue-Green Space on Land Surface Temperature in 28 Major Cities in China |
| title_short | RETRACTED: Combined Effects of Artificial Surface and Urban Blue-Green Space on Land Surface Temperature in 28 Major Cities in China |
| title_sort | retracted combined effects of artificial surface and urban blue green space on land surface temperature in 28 major cities in china |
| topic | urban blue-green space land surface temperature cooling effect artificial surface China |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/448 |
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