Conductive polymer composites in soft robotics, flexible sensors and energy storage: Fabrication, applications and challenges

Conductive Polymer Composites (CPCs) have emerged as promising materials with applications in soft robotics, flexible sensors, and energy storage. This review paper begins with a brief introduction to the available polymers and additives in context of CPCs, followed by a classification of the result...

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Main Authors: Hassan Tawsif Tazwar, Maisha Farzana Antora, Itmam Nowroj, Adib Bin Rashid
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-08-01
Series:Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013702500024X
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author Hassan Tawsif Tazwar
Maisha Farzana Antora
Itmam Nowroj
Adib Bin Rashid
author_facet Hassan Tawsif Tazwar
Maisha Farzana Antora
Itmam Nowroj
Adib Bin Rashid
author_sort Hassan Tawsif Tazwar
collection DOAJ
description Conductive Polymer Composites (CPCs) have emerged as promising materials with applications in soft robotics, flexible sensors, and energy storage. This review paper begins with a brief introduction to the available polymers and additives in context of CPCs, followed by a classification of the resulting composites, setting the stage for further discussions. Then we sequentially analyze the fabrication techniques and practical applications of CPC in the aforementioned sectors highlighting their performance. Furthermore, the review delves into critical aspects such as failure modes, including interfacial debonding and fatigue, the environmental impact and sustainability of CPCs, considering the source and biodegradability of polymers and the environmental implications of additives. Limitations such as particle leakage in metal-based flexible devices, nanoparticle agglomeration and high cost of modern fabrication techniques have been discussed. Future research directions, including development of cost-effective manufacturing methods and proper encapsulation techniques for flexible devices have been highlighted.
format Article
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institution DOAJ
issn 2590-1370
language English
publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher Elsevier
record_format Article
series Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X
spelling doaj-art-bb618a2051614985a2187c3c6d8e08142025-08-20T02:55:56ZengElsevierBiosensors and Bioelectronics: X2590-13702025-08-012410059710.1016/j.biosx.2025.100597Conductive polymer composites in soft robotics, flexible sensors and energy storage: Fabrication, applications and challengesHassan Tawsif Tazwar0Maisha Farzana Antora1Itmam Nowroj2Adib Bin Rashid3Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka-1216, BangladeshDepartment of Aeronautical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka-1216, BangladeshDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka-1216, BangladeshDepartment of Industrial and Production Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh; Corresponding author.Conductive Polymer Composites (CPCs) have emerged as promising materials with applications in soft robotics, flexible sensors, and energy storage. This review paper begins with a brief introduction to the available polymers and additives in context of CPCs, followed by a classification of the resulting composites, setting the stage for further discussions. Then we sequentially analyze the fabrication techniques and practical applications of CPC in the aforementioned sectors highlighting their performance. Furthermore, the review delves into critical aspects such as failure modes, including interfacial debonding and fatigue, the environmental impact and sustainability of CPCs, considering the source and biodegradability of polymers and the environmental implications of additives. Limitations such as particle leakage in metal-based flexible devices, nanoparticle agglomeration and high cost of modern fabrication techniques have been discussed. Future research directions, including development of cost-effective manufacturing methods and proper encapsulation techniques for flexible devices have been highlighted.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013702500024XConductive polymer compositesSoft roboticsFlexible sensorsEnergy storageAdditive manufacturing
spellingShingle Hassan Tawsif Tazwar
Maisha Farzana Antora
Itmam Nowroj
Adib Bin Rashid
Conductive polymer composites in soft robotics, flexible sensors and energy storage: Fabrication, applications and challenges
Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X
Conductive polymer composites
Soft robotics
Flexible sensors
Energy storage
Additive manufacturing
title Conductive polymer composites in soft robotics, flexible sensors and energy storage: Fabrication, applications and challenges
title_full Conductive polymer composites in soft robotics, flexible sensors and energy storage: Fabrication, applications and challenges
title_fullStr Conductive polymer composites in soft robotics, flexible sensors and energy storage: Fabrication, applications and challenges
title_full_unstemmed Conductive polymer composites in soft robotics, flexible sensors and energy storage: Fabrication, applications and challenges
title_short Conductive polymer composites in soft robotics, flexible sensors and energy storage: Fabrication, applications and challenges
title_sort conductive polymer composites in soft robotics flexible sensors and energy storage fabrication applications and challenges
topic Conductive polymer composites
Soft robotics
Flexible sensors
Energy storage
Additive manufacturing
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259013702500024X
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AT maishafarzanaantora conductivepolymercompositesinsoftroboticsflexiblesensorsandenergystoragefabricationapplicationsandchallenges
AT itmamnowroj conductivepolymercompositesinsoftroboticsflexiblesensorsandenergystoragefabricationapplicationsandchallenges
AT adibbinrashid conductivepolymercompositesinsoftroboticsflexiblesensorsandenergystoragefabricationapplicationsandchallenges