Risk factors associated with prolapsed nictitating membrane gland in cats with conjunctivitis: analysis of 65 cases
This study aims to evaluate animal-related and environmental risk factors influencing the development of prolapsed nictitating membrane gland (PNMG) in cats presented with complaints of conjunctivitis. A retrospective review of 65 cats diagnosed with PNMG, selected from a cohort of 318 cats presenti...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi |
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| Online Access: | https://vetdergikafkas.org/pdf.php?id=3208 |
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| author | İrem ERGİN Aytaç AKÇAY Sümeyye SAİNKAPLAN Oytun Okan ŞENEL |
| author_facet | İrem ERGİN Aytaç AKÇAY Sümeyye SAİNKAPLAN Oytun Okan ŞENEL |
| author_sort | İrem ERGİN |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aims to evaluate animal-related and environmental risk factors influencing
the development of prolapsed nictitating membrane gland (PNMG) in cats presented
with complaints of conjunctivitis. A retrospective review of 65 cats diagnosed with
PNMG, selected from a cohort of 318 cats presenting with conjunctivitis between 2019
and 2024. Data recorded included signalment, case history, ophthalmic examinations,
intraoperative findings and outcomes. Direct ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp
biomicroscopy revealed no ocular abnormalities in cats with PNMG. Notably, 81.5% of
cats with gland prolapse were identified as brachycephalic. Univariate logistic regression
analysis indicated that breed, season, and history had a statistically significant effect on
the occurrence of PNMG (p<0.05). Classification and regression tree analysis identified
season as the most influential factor affecting PNMG, with the highest prevalence
(40.5%) observed in brachycephalic breeds during spring season. The brachycephalic
head structure was confirmed as a significant contributing factor to the development of
PNMG in cats, consistent with findings in dogs. However, the seasonal variation and the
role of ocular irritants in gland prolapse suggest that allergens may play a primary role
in the etiology, as proposed by the authors. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bb539440fe604c29bc473d90f17bbd89 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1309-2251 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi |
| spelling | doaj-art-bb539440fe604c29bc473d90f17bbd892025-08-20T04:03:01ZengKafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineKafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi1309-22512025-08-0131453954610.9775/kvfd.2025.342013208Risk factors associated with prolapsed nictitating membrane gland in cats with conjunctivitis: analysis of 65 casesİrem ERGİN0Aytaç AKÇAY1Sümeyye SAİNKAPLAN2Oytun Okan ŞENEL3Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery Department, TR-06070 Ankara - TÜRKİYEAnkara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biostatistics Department, TR-06070 Ankara - TÜRKİYEAnkara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, TR-06070 Ankara - TÜRKİYEAnkara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery Department, TR-06070 Ankara - TÜRKİYEThis study aims to evaluate animal-related and environmental risk factors influencing the development of prolapsed nictitating membrane gland (PNMG) in cats presented with complaints of conjunctivitis. A retrospective review of 65 cats diagnosed with PNMG, selected from a cohort of 318 cats presenting with conjunctivitis between 2019 and 2024. Data recorded included signalment, case history, ophthalmic examinations, intraoperative findings and outcomes. Direct ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed no ocular abnormalities in cats with PNMG. Notably, 81.5% of cats with gland prolapse were identified as brachycephalic. Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that breed, season, and history had a statistically significant effect on the occurrence of PNMG (p<0.05). Classification and regression tree analysis identified season as the most influential factor affecting PNMG, with the highest prevalence (40.5%) observed in brachycephalic breeds during spring season. The brachycephalic head structure was confirmed as a significant contributing factor to the development of PNMG in cats, consistent with findings in dogs. However, the seasonal variation and the role of ocular irritants in gland prolapse suggest that allergens may play a primary role in the etiology, as proposed by the authors.https://vetdergikafkas.org/pdf.php?id=3208brachycephaliccherry eyeconjunctivitishyperplasiaocular irritantsthird eyelid |
| spellingShingle | İrem ERGİN Aytaç AKÇAY Sümeyye SAİNKAPLAN Oytun Okan ŞENEL Risk factors associated with prolapsed nictitating membrane gland in cats with conjunctivitis: analysis of 65 cases Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi brachycephalic cherry eye conjunctivitis hyperplasia ocular irritants third eyelid |
| title | Risk factors associated with prolapsed nictitating membrane gland in cats with conjunctivitis: analysis of 65 cases |
| title_full | Risk factors associated with prolapsed nictitating membrane gland in cats with conjunctivitis: analysis of 65 cases |
| title_fullStr | Risk factors associated with prolapsed nictitating membrane gland in cats with conjunctivitis: analysis of 65 cases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk factors associated with prolapsed nictitating membrane gland in cats with conjunctivitis: analysis of 65 cases |
| title_short | Risk factors associated with prolapsed nictitating membrane gland in cats with conjunctivitis: analysis of 65 cases |
| title_sort | risk factors associated with prolapsed nictitating membrane gland in cats with conjunctivitis analysis of 65 cases |
| topic | brachycephalic cherry eye conjunctivitis hyperplasia ocular irritants third eyelid |
| url | https://vetdergikafkas.org/pdf.php?id=3208 |
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