Seasonal variability of sea surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in a high turbidity coastal ocean in the vicinity of the East China Sea
The sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and air-sea carbon flux in estuarine and bay areas, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, remain poorly understood and inadequately assessed. This study, based on seasonal underway observations conducted in 2024, analyzed the seasonal va...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1580318/full |
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| author | Zhedong Yang Xufeng Yang Cai Zhang Yimin Jin Xupeng Hu Xian Zhou Tonghui Zhuang Jianghao Ning Jiangning Zeng Peisong Yu Peisong Yu |
| author_facet | Zhedong Yang Xufeng Yang Cai Zhang Yimin Jin Xupeng Hu Xian Zhou Tonghui Zhuang Jianghao Ning Jiangning Zeng Peisong Yu Peisong Yu |
| author_sort | Zhedong Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and air-sea carbon flux in estuarine and bay areas, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, remain poorly understood and inadequately assessed. This study, based on seasonal underway observations conducted in 2024, analyzed the seasonal variations in surface seawater pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in the high-turbidity coastal waters of Zhejiang, including Hangzhou Bay (HZB), Xiangshan Bay (XSB), Sanmen Bay (SMB), and the nearshore waters (NSW). The results indicate that the pCO2 in the study area ranged from 194 to 739 μatm throughout the year, exhibiting significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. In HZB, the lowest pCO2 was observed in winter, averaging 453 μatm, whereas the values in spring and summer were around 600 μatm, with a subsequent decline to 481 μatm in autumn. In XSB, pCO2 reached its minimum in winter (194 μatm), attributed to vigorous biological activity, and peaked in spring, averaging 639 μatm. In SMB, pCO2 was relatively lower in autumn and winter (~470 μatm), and higher in spring and summer (~640 μatm). In the NSW, pCO2 was lower in winter and spring (~445 μatm), and increased to ~510 μatm in summer and autumn. The pCO2 was predominantly regulated by sea surface temperature and horizontal mixing, while other factors like biological activity also had significant impacts. The annual average CO2 flux was 6.0±3.7 mmol m-2 d-1 in HZB, 1.2±2.3 mmol m-2 d-1 in XSB, 7.0±3.2 mmol m-2 d-1 in SMB and 5.2±5.9 mmol m-2 d-1 in the NSW. Higher wind speeds in autumn and winter, coupled with elevated the pCO2 difference between the surface water and the atmosphere (ΔpCO2) in spring and summer, collectively drove the seasonal variations in CO2 flux. On an annual scale, both the estuarine and bay areas and the nearshore regions functioned as carbon sources. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bb47dff97c7d4d0c9dd096c4ee789c33 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-bb47dff97c7d4d0c9dd096c4ee789c332025-08-20T03:13:29ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452025-05-011210.3389/fmars.2025.15803181580318Seasonal variability of sea surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in a high turbidity coastal ocean in the vicinity of the East China SeaZhedong Yang0Xufeng Yang1Cai Zhang2Yimin Jin3Xupeng Hu4Xian Zhou5Tonghui Zhuang6Jianghao Ning7Jiangning Zeng8Peisong Yu9Peisong Yu10Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, ChinaMarine Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, ChinaMarine Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, ChinaMarine Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, ChinaMarine Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, ChinaMarine Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, ChinaKey Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, ChinaKey Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, ChinaDonghai Laboratory, Zhoushan, ChinaThe sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and air-sea carbon flux in estuarine and bay areas, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, remain poorly understood and inadequately assessed. This study, based on seasonal underway observations conducted in 2024, analyzed the seasonal variations in surface seawater pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in the high-turbidity coastal waters of Zhejiang, including Hangzhou Bay (HZB), Xiangshan Bay (XSB), Sanmen Bay (SMB), and the nearshore waters (NSW). The results indicate that the pCO2 in the study area ranged from 194 to 739 μatm throughout the year, exhibiting significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. In HZB, the lowest pCO2 was observed in winter, averaging 453 μatm, whereas the values in spring and summer were around 600 μatm, with a subsequent decline to 481 μatm in autumn. In XSB, pCO2 reached its minimum in winter (194 μatm), attributed to vigorous biological activity, and peaked in spring, averaging 639 μatm. In SMB, pCO2 was relatively lower in autumn and winter (~470 μatm), and higher in spring and summer (~640 μatm). In the NSW, pCO2 was lower in winter and spring (~445 μatm), and increased to ~510 μatm in summer and autumn. The pCO2 was predominantly regulated by sea surface temperature and horizontal mixing, while other factors like biological activity also had significant impacts. The annual average CO2 flux was 6.0±3.7 mmol m-2 d-1 in HZB, 1.2±2.3 mmol m-2 d-1 in XSB, 7.0±3.2 mmol m-2 d-1 in SMB and 5.2±5.9 mmol m-2 d-1 in the NSW. Higher wind speeds in autumn and winter, coupled with elevated the pCO2 difference between the surface water and the atmosphere (ΔpCO2) in spring and summer, collectively drove the seasonal variations in CO2 flux. On an annual scale, both the estuarine and bay areas and the nearshore regions functioned as carbon sources.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1580318/fullpartial pressure of CO2air-sea CO2 fluxcoastal watersZhejiang estuarine baysHangzhou BayXiangshan Bay |
| spellingShingle | Zhedong Yang Xufeng Yang Cai Zhang Yimin Jin Xupeng Hu Xian Zhou Tonghui Zhuang Jianghao Ning Jiangning Zeng Peisong Yu Peisong Yu Seasonal variability of sea surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in a high turbidity coastal ocean in the vicinity of the East China Sea Frontiers in Marine Science partial pressure of CO2 air-sea CO2 flux coastal waters Zhejiang estuarine bays Hangzhou Bay Xiangshan Bay |
| title | Seasonal variability of sea surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in a high turbidity coastal ocean in the vicinity of the East China Sea |
| title_full | Seasonal variability of sea surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in a high turbidity coastal ocean in the vicinity of the East China Sea |
| title_fullStr | Seasonal variability of sea surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in a high turbidity coastal ocean in the vicinity of the East China Sea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Seasonal variability of sea surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in a high turbidity coastal ocean in the vicinity of the East China Sea |
| title_short | Seasonal variability of sea surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in a high turbidity coastal ocean in the vicinity of the East China Sea |
| title_sort | seasonal variability of sea surface pco2 and air sea co2 flux in a high turbidity coastal ocean in the vicinity of the east china sea |
| topic | partial pressure of CO2 air-sea CO2 flux coastal waters Zhejiang estuarine bays Hangzhou Bay Xiangshan Bay |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1580318/full |
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