Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Combined With Sentinel-2 and ICESat-2 Datasets Using Deep Learning

Accurate bathymetric data are critical for marine ecological balance and resource management. Deep learning algorithms, known for their capacity to model complex, multivariate, and nonlinear relationships, have been increasingly applied to satellite-derived bathymetry. However, existing deep learnin...

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Main Authors: Weidong Zhu, Yanying Huang, Tiantian Cao, Xiaoshan Zhang, Qidi Xie, Kuifeng Luan, Wei Shen, Ziya Zou
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
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Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11080361/
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author Weidong Zhu
Yanying Huang
Tiantian Cao
Xiaoshan Zhang
Qidi Xie
Kuifeng Luan
Wei Shen
Ziya Zou
author_facet Weidong Zhu
Yanying Huang
Tiantian Cao
Xiaoshan Zhang
Qidi Xie
Kuifeng Luan
Wei Shen
Ziya Zou
author_sort Weidong Zhu
collection DOAJ
description Accurate bathymetric data are critical for marine ecological balance and resource management. Deep learning algorithms, known for their capacity to model complex, multivariate, and nonlinear relationships, have been increasingly applied to satellite-derived bathymetry. However, existing deep learning models are limited by simple architectures and low efficiency in hyperparameter optimization, resulting in suboptimal training performance. This article proposes a convolutional neural network and bidirectional long short-term memory hybrid model based on the Bayesian optimization algorithm (BOA-CNN-BILSTM) to enhance bathymetric inversion accuracy and efficiency. The model employs BOA to optimize the key hyperparameters of the CNN-BILSTM architecture, thereby improving inversion performance. Bathymetric inversion experiments were conducted using fused ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2 data, focusing on Coral Island and Dong Island in the South China Sea, as well as Midway Island and Oahu Island in the Pacific Ocean. Comparative experiments demonstrated that BOA significantly outperforms conventional random search by achieving near-optimal hyperparameter configurations with fewer evaluations, accelerating convergence and reducing computational costs. The BOA-CNN-BILSTM model reduced the root mean square error by 28.6%–56.5%, 29.6%–53.7%, 34.1%–52.6%, and 28.9%–57.1% across the study areas compared with the CNN, BILSTM, and CNN-BILSTM models. Other evaluation metrics also showed varying degrees of improvement. These results demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective and highly accurate for bathymetric inversion in shallow waters.
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institution Kabale University
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publishDate 2025-01-01
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series IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
spelling doaj-art-bb47251a16154e7d93cb7ea55fcf547d2025-08-20T04:00:34ZengIEEEIEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing1939-14042151-15352025-01-0118183761839010.1109/JSTARS.2025.358928911080361Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Combined With Sentinel-2 and ICESat-2 Datasets Using Deep LearningWeidong Zhu0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-0891Yanying Huang1https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5103-4538Tiantian Cao2https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2737-6177Xiaoshan Zhang3Qidi Xie4Kuifeng Luan5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7009-3888Wei Shen6https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5857-3899Ziya Zou7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6916-1078School of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, ChinaSchool of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, ChinaAccurate bathymetric data are critical for marine ecological balance and resource management. Deep learning algorithms, known for their capacity to model complex, multivariate, and nonlinear relationships, have been increasingly applied to satellite-derived bathymetry. However, existing deep learning models are limited by simple architectures and low efficiency in hyperparameter optimization, resulting in suboptimal training performance. This article proposes a convolutional neural network and bidirectional long short-term memory hybrid model based on the Bayesian optimization algorithm (BOA-CNN-BILSTM) to enhance bathymetric inversion accuracy and efficiency. The model employs BOA to optimize the key hyperparameters of the CNN-BILSTM architecture, thereby improving inversion performance. Bathymetric inversion experiments were conducted using fused ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2 data, focusing on Coral Island and Dong Island in the South China Sea, as well as Midway Island and Oahu Island in the Pacific Ocean. Comparative experiments demonstrated that BOA significantly outperforms conventional random search by achieving near-optimal hyperparameter configurations with fewer evaluations, accelerating convergence and reducing computational costs. The BOA-CNN-BILSTM model reduced the root mean square error by 28.6%–56.5%, 29.6%–53.7%, 34.1%–52.6%, and 28.9%–57.1% across the study areas compared with the CNN, BILSTM, and CNN-BILSTM models. Other evaluation metrics also showed varying degrees of improvement. These results demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective and highly accurate for bathymetric inversion in shallow waters.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11080361/Deep learning modelICESat-2satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB)Sentinel-2
spellingShingle Weidong Zhu
Yanying Huang
Tiantian Cao
Xiaoshan Zhang
Qidi Xie
Kuifeng Luan
Wei Shen
Ziya Zou
Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Combined With Sentinel-2 and ICESat-2 Datasets Using Deep Learning
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
Deep learning model
ICESat-2
satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB)
Sentinel-2
title Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Combined With Sentinel-2 and ICESat-2 Datasets Using Deep Learning
title_full Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Combined With Sentinel-2 and ICESat-2 Datasets Using Deep Learning
title_fullStr Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Combined With Sentinel-2 and ICESat-2 Datasets Using Deep Learning
title_full_unstemmed Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Combined With Sentinel-2 and ICESat-2 Datasets Using Deep Learning
title_short Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Combined With Sentinel-2 and ICESat-2 Datasets Using Deep Learning
title_sort satellite derived bathymetry combined with sentinel 2 and icesat 2 datasets using deep learning
topic Deep learning model
ICESat-2
satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB)
Sentinel-2
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11080361/
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