Working with physical and virtual manipulatives: A systematic review of affordance and cognitive engagement manifested through implementation

Virtual tools are rapidly supplementing physical tools in classrooms. Although extensive research has compared the benefits of using virtual and physical manipulatives, few studies have systematically explored the learning benefits of using a physical and a virtual tool. As the major learning goal i...

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Main Author: Seokmin Kang, Chun-Hao Chang, Sungyeun Kim
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: International Forum of Educational Technology & Society 2025-04-01
Series:Educational Technology & Society
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.j-ets.net/collection/published-issues/28_2#h.gwcc8p27m41s
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author Seokmin Kang, Chun-Hao Chang, Sungyeun Kim
author_facet Seokmin Kang, Chun-Hao Chang, Sungyeun Kim
author_sort Seokmin Kang, Chun-Hao Chang, Sungyeun Kim
collection DOAJ
description Virtual tools are rapidly supplementing physical tools in classrooms. Although extensive research has compared the benefits of using virtual and physical manipulatives, few studies have systematically explored the learning benefits of using a physical and a virtual tool. As the major learning goal in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education is to help students better understand scientific and mathematical concepts and processes, this study reviewed empirical studies comparing learning performance between working with physical and virtual manipulatives published between 2000 and 2022 in Education and Psychology journals. The results revealed inconsistent patterns in learning comparison across studies even with similar interventions. The discrepancy was reinterpreted based on the amount of information provided by tools, and cognitive engagement calibrated by verbs from instructional directives in the implementation. It was found that learners showed better learning performance when a tool provided more concept-related information and when they engaged in their learning activities more deeply, not whether a physical or a virtual manipulative was used. The implementation guideline for teachers to consider was discussed when they create lesson plans with physical and virtual manipulatives.
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publisher International Forum of Educational Technology & Society
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spelling doaj-art-bb38cd7be3e0450cb8e182e1cd3073e72025-08-20T02:17:34ZengInternational Forum of Educational Technology & SocietyEducational Technology & Society1176-36471436-45222025-04-012823552https://doi.org/10.30191/ETS.202504_28(2).RP03Working with physical and virtual manipulatives: A systematic review of affordance and cognitive engagement manifested through implementationSeokmin Kang, Chun-Hao Chang, Sungyeun KimVirtual tools are rapidly supplementing physical tools in classrooms. Although extensive research has compared the benefits of using virtual and physical manipulatives, few studies have systematically explored the learning benefits of using a physical and a virtual tool. As the major learning goal in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education is to help students better understand scientific and mathematical concepts and processes, this study reviewed empirical studies comparing learning performance between working with physical and virtual manipulatives published between 2000 and 2022 in Education and Psychology journals. The results revealed inconsistent patterns in learning comparison across studies even with similar interventions. The discrepancy was reinterpreted based on the amount of information provided by tools, and cognitive engagement calibrated by verbs from instructional directives in the implementation. It was found that learners showed better learning performance when a tool provided more concept-related information and when they engaged in their learning activities more deeply, not whether a physical or a virtual manipulative was used. The implementation guideline for teachers to consider was discussed when they create lesson plans with physical and virtual manipulatives.https://www.j-ets.net/collection/published-issues/28_2#h.gwcc8p27m41saffordancecognitive engagementinstructional directiveslearningphysicalvirtual
spellingShingle Seokmin Kang, Chun-Hao Chang, Sungyeun Kim
Working with physical and virtual manipulatives: A systematic review of affordance and cognitive engagement manifested through implementation
Educational Technology & Society
affordance
cognitive engagement
instructional directives
learning
physical
virtual
title Working with physical and virtual manipulatives: A systematic review of affordance and cognitive engagement manifested through implementation
title_full Working with physical and virtual manipulatives: A systematic review of affordance and cognitive engagement manifested through implementation
title_fullStr Working with physical and virtual manipulatives: A systematic review of affordance and cognitive engagement manifested through implementation
title_full_unstemmed Working with physical and virtual manipulatives: A systematic review of affordance and cognitive engagement manifested through implementation
title_short Working with physical and virtual manipulatives: A systematic review of affordance and cognitive engagement manifested through implementation
title_sort working with physical and virtual manipulatives a systematic review of affordance and cognitive engagement manifested through implementation
topic affordance
cognitive engagement
instructional directives
learning
physical
virtual
url https://www.j-ets.net/collection/published-issues/28_2#h.gwcc8p27m41s
work_keys_str_mv AT seokminkangchunhaochangsungyeunkim workingwithphysicalandvirtualmanipulativesasystematicreviewofaffordanceandcognitiveengagementmanifestedthroughimplementation