Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Citrate-Functionalized Cobalt-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Rhodamine Dye and Lead Ion Sequestration
The toxicity of hazardous dyes like rhodamine B and heavy metal ions like lead warrants the need for wastewater remediation. We describe here the functionalization of cobalt-doped iron oxide (Co<sub>0.1</sub>Fe<sub>2.9</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) magnetic nanoparticles (M...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| author | Sangeetha Jayakumar Barid Baran Lahiri Arup Dasgupta |
| author_facet | Sangeetha Jayakumar Barid Baran Lahiri Arup Dasgupta |
| author_sort | Sangeetha Jayakumar |
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| description | The toxicity of hazardous dyes like rhodamine B and heavy metal ions like lead warrants the need for wastewater remediation. We describe here the functionalization of cobalt-doped iron oxide (Co<sub>0.1</sub>Fe<sub>2.9</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with citrate moieties for the effective sequestration of rhodamine B dye and lead ions from contaminated water. Citrate-functionalized MNPs are prepared using a co-precipitation technique. For the uncoated MNPs, the hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential are found to be 21 nm and ~45 ± 3.1 mV, respectively. The hydrodynamic diameters are found to increase to ~51, ~59, and ~68 nm for the MNPs functionalized with ~20, ~40, and ~60 mg/mL of citrate, respectively, whereas the corresponding zeta potentials are found to be ~−27.95 ± 3.5 mV, ~−32.5 ± 3.6 mV, and ~−33.9 ± 3.5 mV, respectively. The chemisorption of the citrate moieties over the MNPs cause the zeta potential to be negative, a phenomenon which is further verified from the citrate-specific absorption bands in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the surface-functionalized MNPs. UV-visible spectrophotometry is employed to probe the MNP-aided elimination of rhodamine B dye and lead ions from aqueous media, where the absorption bands at ~554 nm and ~375 nm (for lead (II)-5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole chelate) are utilized for quantitative analyses. These citrate-functionalized nanoparticles are found to successfully remove the toxic rhodamine B dye and lead ions from water, with removal efficiencies of ~93.7 ± 2.6% and ~90 ± 2.4%, respectively. The unbound -COO<sup>−</sup> functional groups of the citrate-functionalized MNPs electrostatically interact with the cationic rhodamine B dye or lead (II) ions, thereby leading to the adsorption onto the surface-functionalized MNPs and the subsequent magnetic-field-assisted removal. The experimental findings show the efficacy of the citrate-functionalized cobalt-doped iron oxide MNPs for the sequestration of dye pollutants and lead ions from contaminated water. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-baf94ab616d7445bbd97f591f4c60ebb |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2312-7481 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
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| series | Magnetochemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-baf94ab616d7445bbd97f591f4c60ebb2025-08-20T02:28:37ZengMDPI AGMagnetochemistry2312-74812025-03-011142410.3390/magnetochemistry11040024Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Citrate-Functionalized Cobalt-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Rhodamine Dye and Lead Ion SequestrationSangeetha Jayakumar0Barid Baran Lahiri1Arup Dasgupta2Smart Materials Section, Physical Metallurgy Division, Materials Characterization Group, Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, IndiaSmart Materials Section, Physical Metallurgy Division, Materials Characterization Group, Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, IndiaSmart Materials Section, Physical Metallurgy Division, Materials Characterization Group, Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, IndiaThe toxicity of hazardous dyes like rhodamine B and heavy metal ions like lead warrants the need for wastewater remediation. We describe here the functionalization of cobalt-doped iron oxide (Co<sub>0.1</sub>Fe<sub>2.9</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with citrate moieties for the effective sequestration of rhodamine B dye and lead ions from contaminated water. Citrate-functionalized MNPs are prepared using a co-precipitation technique. For the uncoated MNPs, the hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential are found to be 21 nm and ~45 ± 3.1 mV, respectively. The hydrodynamic diameters are found to increase to ~51, ~59, and ~68 nm for the MNPs functionalized with ~20, ~40, and ~60 mg/mL of citrate, respectively, whereas the corresponding zeta potentials are found to be ~−27.95 ± 3.5 mV, ~−32.5 ± 3.6 mV, and ~−33.9 ± 3.5 mV, respectively. The chemisorption of the citrate moieties over the MNPs cause the zeta potential to be negative, a phenomenon which is further verified from the citrate-specific absorption bands in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the surface-functionalized MNPs. UV-visible spectrophotometry is employed to probe the MNP-aided elimination of rhodamine B dye and lead ions from aqueous media, where the absorption bands at ~554 nm and ~375 nm (for lead (II)-5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole chelate) are utilized for quantitative analyses. These citrate-functionalized nanoparticles are found to successfully remove the toxic rhodamine B dye and lead ions from water, with removal efficiencies of ~93.7 ± 2.6% and ~90 ± 2.4%, respectively. The unbound -COO<sup>−</sup> functional groups of the citrate-functionalized MNPs electrostatically interact with the cationic rhodamine B dye or lead (II) ions, thereby leading to the adsorption onto the surface-functionalized MNPs and the subsequent magnetic-field-assisted removal. The experimental findings show the efficacy of the citrate-functionalized cobalt-doped iron oxide MNPs for the sequestration of dye pollutants and lead ions from contaminated water.https://www.mdpi.com/2312-7481/11/4/24water purificationrhodamine Blead removaldye removalcitrate functionalizationmagnetic nanoparticles |
| spellingShingle | Sangeetha Jayakumar Barid Baran Lahiri Arup Dasgupta Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Citrate-Functionalized Cobalt-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Rhodamine Dye and Lead Ion Sequestration Magnetochemistry water purification rhodamine B lead removal dye removal citrate functionalization magnetic nanoparticles |
| title | Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Citrate-Functionalized Cobalt-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Rhodamine Dye and Lead Ion Sequestration |
| title_full | Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Citrate-Functionalized Cobalt-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Rhodamine Dye and Lead Ion Sequestration |
| title_fullStr | Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Citrate-Functionalized Cobalt-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Rhodamine Dye and Lead Ion Sequestration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Citrate-Functionalized Cobalt-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Rhodamine Dye and Lead Ion Sequestration |
| title_short | Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Citrate-Functionalized Cobalt-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Rhodamine Dye and Lead Ion Sequestration |
| title_sort | preparation characterization and application of citrate functionalized cobalt doped iron oxide nanoparticles for rhodamine dye and lead ion sequestration |
| topic | water purification rhodamine B lead removal dye removal citrate functionalization magnetic nanoparticles |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2312-7481/11/4/24 |
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