The Identification of <i>AMT</i> Family Genes and Their Expression, Function, and Regulation in <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>
Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>) is an Andean allotetraploid pseudocereal crop with higher protein content and balanced amino acid composition in the seeds. Ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>), a direct source of organic nitrogen assimilation, mainly transport...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Xiangxiang Wang He Wu Nazer Manzoor Wenhua Dongcheng Youbo Su Zhengjie Liu Chun Lin Zichao Mao |
| author_facet | Xiangxiang Wang He Wu Nazer Manzoor Wenhua Dongcheng Youbo Su Zhengjie Liu Chun Lin Zichao Mao |
| author_sort | Xiangxiang Wang |
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| description | Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>) is an Andean allotetraploid pseudocereal crop with higher protein content and balanced amino acid composition in the seeds. Ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>), a direct source of organic nitrogen assimilation, mainly transported by specific transmembrane ammonium transporters (<i>AMTs</i>), plays important roles in the development, yield, and quality of crops. Many <i>AMTs</i> and their functions have been identified in major crops; however, no systematic analyses of <i>AMTs</i> and their regulatory networks, which is important to increase the yield and protein accumulation in the seeds of quinoa, have been performed to date. In this study, the <i>CqAMTs</i> were identified, followed by the quantification of the gene expression, while the regulatory networks were predicted based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), with the putative transcriptional factors (TFs) having binding sites on the promoters of <i>CqAMTs</i>, nitrate transporters (<i>CqNRTs</i>), and glutamine-synthases (<i>CqGSs</i>), as well as the putative TF expression being correlated with the phenotypes and activities of GSs, glutamate synthase (GOGAT), nitrite reductase (NiR), and nitrate reductase (NR) of quinoa roots. The results showed a total of 12 members of the <i>CqAMT</i> family with varying expressions in different organs and in the same organs at different developmental stages. Complementation expression analyses in the triple mep1/2/3 mutant of yeast showed that except for <i>CqAMT2.2b</i>, 11/12 <i>CqAMTs</i> restored the uptake of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> in the host yeast. <i>CqAMT1.2a</i> was found to mainly locate on the cell membrane, while TFs (e.g., <i>CqNLPs</i>, <i>CqG2Ls</i>, <i>B3</i> TFs, <i>CqbHLHs</i>, <i>CqZFs</i>, <i>CqMYBs</i>, <i>CqNF-YA/YB/YC</i>, <i>CqNACs</i>, and <i>CqWRKY</i>) were predicted to be predominantly involved in the regulation, transportation, and assimilation of nitrogen. These results provide the functions of <i>CqAMTs</i> and their possible regulatory networks, which will lead to improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in quinoa as well as other major crops. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-baf49034baf8403b9f00a1fefe8658252025-08-20T02:57:21ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-12-011324352410.3390/plants13243524The Identification of <i>AMT</i> Family Genes and Their Expression, Function, and Regulation in <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>Xiangxiang Wang0He Wu1Nazer Manzoor2Wenhua Dongcheng3Youbo Su4Zhengjie Liu5Chun Lin6Zichao Mao7College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University (YNAU), Kunming 650201, ChinaCollege of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University (YNAU), Kunming 650201, ChinaCollege of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University (YNAU), Kunming 650201, ChinaCollege of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University (YNAU), Kunming 650201, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, ChinaCollege of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University (YNAU), Kunming 650201, ChinaCollege of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University (YNAU), Kunming 650201, ChinaCollege of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University (YNAU), Kunming 650201, ChinaQuinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>) is an Andean allotetraploid pseudocereal crop with higher protein content and balanced amino acid composition in the seeds. Ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>), a direct source of organic nitrogen assimilation, mainly transported by specific transmembrane ammonium transporters (<i>AMTs</i>), plays important roles in the development, yield, and quality of crops. Many <i>AMTs</i> and their functions have been identified in major crops; however, no systematic analyses of <i>AMTs</i> and their regulatory networks, which is important to increase the yield and protein accumulation in the seeds of quinoa, have been performed to date. In this study, the <i>CqAMTs</i> were identified, followed by the quantification of the gene expression, while the regulatory networks were predicted based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), with the putative transcriptional factors (TFs) having binding sites on the promoters of <i>CqAMTs</i>, nitrate transporters (<i>CqNRTs</i>), and glutamine-synthases (<i>CqGSs</i>), as well as the putative TF expression being correlated with the phenotypes and activities of GSs, glutamate synthase (GOGAT), nitrite reductase (NiR), and nitrate reductase (NR) of quinoa roots. The results showed a total of 12 members of the <i>CqAMT</i> family with varying expressions in different organs and in the same organs at different developmental stages. Complementation expression analyses in the triple mep1/2/3 mutant of yeast showed that except for <i>CqAMT2.2b</i>, 11/12 <i>CqAMTs</i> restored the uptake of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> in the host yeast. <i>CqAMT1.2a</i> was found to mainly locate on the cell membrane, while TFs (e.g., <i>CqNLPs</i>, <i>CqG2Ls</i>, <i>B3</i> TFs, <i>CqbHLHs</i>, <i>CqZFs</i>, <i>CqMYBs</i>, <i>CqNF-YA/YB/YC</i>, <i>CqNACs</i>, and <i>CqWRKY</i>) were predicted to be predominantly involved in the regulation, transportation, and assimilation of nitrogen. These results provide the functions of <i>CqAMTs</i> and their possible regulatory networks, which will lead to improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in quinoa as well as other major crops.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/24/3524quinoaammonium transporternitrogen assimilationtranscriptional factorgene regulatory networks |
| spellingShingle | Xiangxiang Wang He Wu Nazer Manzoor Wenhua Dongcheng Youbo Su Zhengjie Liu Chun Lin Zichao Mao The Identification of <i>AMT</i> Family Genes and Their Expression, Function, and Regulation in <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Plants quinoa ammonium transporter nitrogen assimilation transcriptional factor gene regulatory networks |
| title | The Identification of <i>AMT</i> Family Genes and Their Expression, Function, and Regulation in <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> |
| title_full | The Identification of <i>AMT</i> Family Genes and Their Expression, Function, and Regulation in <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> |
| title_fullStr | The Identification of <i>AMT</i> Family Genes and Their Expression, Function, and Regulation in <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Identification of <i>AMT</i> Family Genes and Their Expression, Function, and Regulation in <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> |
| title_short | The Identification of <i>AMT</i> Family Genes and Their Expression, Function, and Regulation in <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> |
| title_sort | identification of i amt i family genes and their expression function and regulation in i chenopodium quinoa i |
| topic | quinoa ammonium transporter nitrogen assimilation transcriptional factor gene regulatory networks |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/24/3524 |
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