Thermally Induced Ion Magnetic Moment in H<sub>4</sub>O Superionic State
The hydrogen ions in superionic ice can move freely, playing the role of electrons in metals. Its electromagnetic behavior is the key to explaining the anomalous magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune. Based on an ab initio evolutionary algorithm, we searched for the stable H<sub>4</sub>O...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Crystals |
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| author | Xiao Liang Junhao Peng Fugen Wu Renhai Wang Yujue Yang Xingyun Li Huafeng Dong |
| author_facet | Xiao Liang Junhao Peng Fugen Wu Renhai Wang Yujue Yang Xingyun Li Huafeng Dong |
| author_sort | Xiao Liang |
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| description | The hydrogen ions in superionic ice can move freely, playing the role of electrons in metals. Its electromagnetic behavior is the key to explaining the anomalous magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune. Based on an ab initio evolutionary algorithm, we searched for the stable H<sub>4</sub>O crystal structure under pressures of 500–5000 GPa and discovered a new layered-chain <i>Pmn</i>2<sub>1</sub>-H<sub>4</sub>O structure with H<sub>3</sub> ion clusters. Interestingly, H<sub>3</sub> ion clusters rotate above 900 K (with an instantaneous speed of 3000 m/s at 900 K), generating an instantaneous magnetic moment (~10<sup>−26</sup> A·m<sup>2</sup> ≈ 0.001 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). Moreover, H ions diffuse in a direction perpendicular to the H-O atomic layer at 960–1000 K. This is because the hydrogen–oxygen covalent bonds within the hydrogen–oxygen plane hinder the diffusion behavior of H<sub>3</sub> ion clusters within the plane, resulting in the diffusion of H<sub>3</sub> ion clusters between the hydrogen–oxygen planes and the formation of a one-dimensional conductive superionic state. One-dimensional diffusion of ions may generate magnetic fields. We refer to these two types of magnetic moments as “thermally induced ion magnetic moments”. When the temperature exceeds 1000 K, H ions diffuse in three directions. When the temperature exceeds 6900 K, oxygen atoms diffuse and the system becomes fluid. These findings provide important references for people to re-recognize the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen and oxygen under high pressure, as well as the sources of abnormal magnetic fields in Uranus and Neptune. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
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| series | Crystals |
| spelling | doaj-art-bad6624754d0481bb464a76e3e01c27e2025-08-20T02:17:24ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522025-03-0115430410.3390/cryst15040304Thermally Induced Ion Magnetic Moment in H<sub>4</sub>O Superionic StateXiao Liang0Junhao Peng1Fugen Wu2Renhai Wang3Yujue Yang4Xingyun Li5Huafeng Dong6Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Physics and System Integration Applications, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Physics and System Integration Applications, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaThe College of Information Engineering, Guangzhou Vocational University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou 510550, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Physics and System Integration Applications, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Physics and System Integration Applications, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaDongguan Institute of Guangdong Institute of Mertology, Dongguan 523343, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Physics and System Integration Applications, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaThe hydrogen ions in superionic ice can move freely, playing the role of electrons in metals. Its electromagnetic behavior is the key to explaining the anomalous magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune. Based on an ab initio evolutionary algorithm, we searched for the stable H<sub>4</sub>O crystal structure under pressures of 500–5000 GPa and discovered a new layered-chain <i>Pmn</i>2<sub>1</sub>-H<sub>4</sub>O structure with H<sub>3</sub> ion clusters. Interestingly, H<sub>3</sub> ion clusters rotate above 900 K (with an instantaneous speed of 3000 m/s at 900 K), generating an instantaneous magnetic moment (~10<sup>−26</sup> A·m<sup>2</sup> ≈ 0.001 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). Moreover, H ions diffuse in a direction perpendicular to the H-O atomic layer at 960–1000 K. This is because the hydrogen–oxygen covalent bonds within the hydrogen–oxygen plane hinder the diffusion behavior of H<sub>3</sub> ion clusters within the plane, resulting in the diffusion of H<sub>3</sub> ion clusters between the hydrogen–oxygen planes and the formation of a one-dimensional conductive superionic state. One-dimensional diffusion of ions may generate magnetic fields. We refer to these two types of magnetic moments as “thermally induced ion magnetic moments”. When the temperature exceeds 1000 K, H ions diffuse in three directions. When the temperature exceeds 6900 K, oxygen atoms diffuse and the system becomes fluid. These findings provide important references for people to re-recognize the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen and oxygen under high pressure, as well as the sources of abnormal magnetic fields in Uranus and Neptune.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/15/4/304crystal structuresuperionic icemolecular dynamic simulationionic magnetic moment |
| spellingShingle | Xiao Liang Junhao Peng Fugen Wu Renhai Wang Yujue Yang Xingyun Li Huafeng Dong Thermally Induced Ion Magnetic Moment in H<sub>4</sub>O Superionic State Crystals crystal structure superionic ice molecular dynamic simulation ionic magnetic moment |
| title | Thermally Induced Ion Magnetic Moment in H<sub>4</sub>O Superionic State |
| title_full | Thermally Induced Ion Magnetic Moment in H<sub>4</sub>O Superionic State |
| title_fullStr | Thermally Induced Ion Magnetic Moment in H<sub>4</sub>O Superionic State |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermally Induced Ion Magnetic Moment in H<sub>4</sub>O Superionic State |
| title_short | Thermally Induced Ion Magnetic Moment in H<sub>4</sub>O Superionic State |
| title_sort | thermally induced ion magnetic moment in h sub 4 sub o superionic state |
| topic | crystal structure superionic ice molecular dynamic simulation ionic magnetic moment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/15/4/304 |
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