Mitigating T-2 toxin toxicity in Quail: The protective power of sodium butyrate
As one of the most common worldwide contaminants in agricultural production, the T-2 mycotoxin is commonly found in moldy feed and its raw materials. It can slow the growth and suppress the immune function of farm animals, resulting in reduced economic benefits. As a feed additive, sodium butyrate c...
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Elsevier
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Poultry Science |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125004286 |
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| author | Huanni Song Xueyan Zhu Weiping Hua Yihao He Yang Liu Changyu Cao |
| author_facet | Huanni Song Xueyan Zhu Weiping Hua Yihao He Yang Liu Changyu Cao |
| author_sort | Huanni Song |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As one of the most common worldwide contaminants in agricultural production, the T-2 mycotoxin is commonly found in moldy feed and its raw materials. It can slow the growth and suppress the immune function of farm animals, resulting in reduced economic benefits. As a feed additive, sodium butyrate can enhance immune function. However, the toxicological effects of the T-2 toxin on the spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius and the protective mechanism of sodium butyrate against the T-2 toxin in quails are not known. In this study, 1-day-old Korean quails were fed either with T-2 toxin (0.9 mg/kg) spiked food or with spiked food and sodium butyrate (500 mg/kg) as an antagonist, to construct an experimental animal model. Histopathological changes in the immune organs (spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius) of the quails under sub-chronic toxicity of T-2 toxin were observed after 28 days of continuous treatment. The effects of the T-2 toxin and sodium butyrate on the fibrosis of the immune organs were investigated by MASSON staining and fibrosis gene expression, while the effects of the T-2 toxin and sodium butyrate on apoptosis of the immune organs were investigated by TUNEL assay. The expression of apoptosis-related genes was also measured to evaluate the effects of the T-2 toxin on pathological damage, fibrosis, apoptosis, and CYP450 homeostasis while the antagonistic effect of sodium butyrate on the quail immune organs was also measured. Results showed that sodium butyrate could effectively alleviate pathological damage, fibrosis, apoptosis, abnormal activation of the heterologous nuclear receptor pathway, and the disruption of CYP450 homeostasis induced by the T-2 toxin in quail immune organs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bab03e0a2dce41d898d542461d597a69 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 0032-5791 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Poultry Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-bab03e0a2dce41d898d542461d597a692025-08-20T02:40:10ZengElsevierPoultry Science0032-57912025-07-01104710518610.1016/j.psj.2025.105186Mitigating T-2 toxin toxicity in Quail: The protective power of sodium butyrateHuanni Song0Xueyan Zhu1Weiping Hua2Yihao He3Yang Liu4Changyu Cao5College of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, PR ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, PR ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, PR ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, PR ChinaSchool of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Quality Control Technical Center (Foshan) of National Famous and Special Agricultural Products (CAQS—GAP—KZZX043), PR ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, PR China; Foshan University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan 528225 Guangdong, PR China; Corresponding author.As one of the most common worldwide contaminants in agricultural production, the T-2 mycotoxin is commonly found in moldy feed and its raw materials. It can slow the growth and suppress the immune function of farm animals, resulting in reduced economic benefits. As a feed additive, sodium butyrate can enhance immune function. However, the toxicological effects of the T-2 toxin on the spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius and the protective mechanism of sodium butyrate against the T-2 toxin in quails are not known. In this study, 1-day-old Korean quails were fed either with T-2 toxin (0.9 mg/kg) spiked food or with spiked food and sodium butyrate (500 mg/kg) as an antagonist, to construct an experimental animal model. Histopathological changes in the immune organs (spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius) of the quails under sub-chronic toxicity of T-2 toxin were observed after 28 days of continuous treatment. The effects of the T-2 toxin and sodium butyrate on the fibrosis of the immune organs were investigated by MASSON staining and fibrosis gene expression, while the effects of the T-2 toxin and sodium butyrate on apoptosis of the immune organs were investigated by TUNEL assay. The expression of apoptosis-related genes was also measured to evaluate the effects of the T-2 toxin on pathological damage, fibrosis, apoptosis, and CYP450 homeostasis while the antagonistic effect of sodium butyrate on the quail immune organs was also measured. Results showed that sodium butyrate could effectively alleviate pathological damage, fibrosis, apoptosis, abnormal activation of the heterologous nuclear receptor pathway, and the disruption of CYP450 homeostasis induced by the T-2 toxin in quail immune organs.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125004286T-2 toxinSodium butyrateQuailImmune organs |
| spellingShingle | Huanni Song Xueyan Zhu Weiping Hua Yihao He Yang Liu Changyu Cao Mitigating T-2 toxin toxicity in Quail: The protective power of sodium butyrate Poultry Science T-2 toxin Sodium butyrate Quail Immune organs |
| title | Mitigating T-2 toxin toxicity in Quail: The protective power of sodium butyrate |
| title_full | Mitigating T-2 toxin toxicity in Quail: The protective power of sodium butyrate |
| title_fullStr | Mitigating T-2 toxin toxicity in Quail: The protective power of sodium butyrate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mitigating T-2 toxin toxicity in Quail: The protective power of sodium butyrate |
| title_short | Mitigating T-2 toxin toxicity in Quail: The protective power of sodium butyrate |
| title_sort | mitigating t 2 toxin toxicity in quail the protective power of sodium butyrate |
| topic | T-2 toxin Sodium butyrate Quail Immune organs |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579125004286 |
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