Molecular Insights into Outer Dynein Arm Defects in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: Involvement of ZMYND10 and GRP78
Background: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurrent sinopulmonary infections due to motile cilia defects. The disease is genetically heterogeneous, with abnormalities in structural ciliary proteins. Zinc finger MYND-type containing 10 (ZMYND10) is essen...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Cells |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/12/916 |
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| Summary: | Background: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurrent sinopulmonary infections due to motile cilia defects. The disease is genetically heterogeneous, with abnormalities in structural ciliary proteins. Zinc finger MYND-type containing 10 (ZMYND10) is essential for the assembly of outer dynein arms (ODA), with chaperones like Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) facilitating protein folding. This study investigates ZMYND10 and Dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 <i>(DNAH5</i>) mutations in individuals with PCD. Methods: Eight individuals aged 14–22 with clinical PCD symptoms and confirmed <i>DNAH5</i> mutations were included. We analyzed the correlation between <i>DNAH5</i> abnormalities and preassembly/chaperone proteins using immunofluorescence labeling. Nasal swabs were double-labeled (<i>DNAH5</i>–β-tubulin, β-tubulin–ZMYND10, β-tubulin–GRP78) and examined via fluorescence microscopy. Serum metabolomics and proteomics were also assessed. Results: The corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) levels of <i>DNAH5</i>, ZMYND10, and GRP78 were significantly different between PCD individuals and controls. Metabolomic analysis showed reduced valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, with increased malate and triacylglycerol biosynthesis, malate-aspartate and glycerol phosphate shuttles, and arginine/proline metabolism, suggesting mitochondrial and ER stress. Conclusions: The altered expression of DNAH5, ZMYND10, and GRP78, along with metabolic shifts, points to a complex link between ciliary dysfunction and cellular stress in PCD. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms. |
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| ISSN: | 2073-4409 |