Burrowing and unburrowing in submerged granular media through fluidization and shape-change

Subterranean exploration in submerged granular media (GM) presents significant challenges for robotic systems due to high drag forces and the complex physics of GM. This paper introduces a robotic system that combines water-jet-based fluidization for self-burrowing in submerged environments and an u...

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Main Authors: Aniruddha Nayak, Hoseung Seo, Nick Gravish, Michael T. Tolley
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Robotics and AI
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2025.1546407/full
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author Aniruddha Nayak
Hoseung Seo
Nick Gravish
Michael T. Tolley
author_facet Aniruddha Nayak
Hoseung Seo
Nick Gravish
Michael T. Tolley
author_sort Aniruddha Nayak
collection DOAJ
description Subterranean exploration in submerged granular media (GM) presents significant challenges for robotic systems due to high drag forces and the complex physics of GM. This paper introduces a robotic system that combines water-jet-based fluidization for self-burrowing in submerged environments and an untethered, volume-change mechanism for burrowing out. The water-based fluidization approach significantly reduces drag on the robot, allowing it to burrow into GM with minimal force. To burrow out, the robot uses a soft, inflatable bladder that undergoes periodic radial expansion, inspired by natural systems such as razor clams. Experimental results demonstrate that increased water flow rates accelerate the burrowing process, while the unburrowing mechanism is effective at varying depths. Comparisons between pneumatic and hydraulic untethered systems highlight trade-offs in terms of operational time and unburrowing speed. This work advances the capabilities of robots in underwater environments, with potential applications in environmental monitoring and underwater archaeology.
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issn 2296-9144
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publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
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series Frontiers in Robotics and AI
spelling doaj-art-ba9b71e080ad427398ee78fc96bff0ed2025-08-20T02:46:29ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Robotics and AI2296-91442025-07-011210.3389/frobt.2025.15464071546407Burrowing and unburrowing in submerged granular media through fluidization and shape-changeAniruddha NayakHoseung SeoNick GravishMichael T. TolleySubterranean exploration in submerged granular media (GM) presents significant challenges for robotic systems due to high drag forces and the complex physics of GM. This paper introduces a robotic system that combines water-jet-based fluidization for self-burrowing in submerged environments and an untethered, volume-change mechanism for burrowing out. The water-based fluidization approach significantly reduces drag on the robot, allowing it to burrow into GM with minimal force. To burrow out, the robot uses a soft, inflatable bladder that undergoes periodic radial expansion, inspired by natural systems such as razor clams. Experimental results demonstrate that increased water flow rates accelerate the burrowing process, while the unburrowing mechanism is effective at varying depths. Comparisons between pneumatic and hydraulic untethered systems highlight trade-offs in terms of operational time and unburrowing speed. This work advances the capabilities of robots in underwater environments, with potential applications in environmental monitoring and underwater archaeology.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2025.1546407/fullsoft robotburrowinggranular mediashape changefluidizationuntethered
spellingShingle Aniruddha Nayak
Hoseung Seo
Nick Gravish
Michael T. Tolley
Burrowing and unburrowing in submerged granular media through fluidization and shape-change
Frontiers in Robotics and AI
soft robot
burrowing
granular media
shape change
fluidization
untethered
title Burrowing and unburrowing in submerged granular media through fluidization and shape-change
title_full Burrowing and unburrowing in submerged granular media through fluidization and shape-change
title_fullStr Burrowing and unburrowing in submerged granular media through fluidization and shape-change
title_full_unstemmed Burrowing and unburrowing in submerged granular media through fluidization and shape-change
title_short Burrowing and unburrowing in submerged granular media through fluidization and shape-change
title_sort burrowing and unburrowing in submerged granular media through fluidization and shape change
topic soft robot
burrowing
granular media
shape change
fluidization
untethered
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2025.1546407/full
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AT nickgravish burrowingandunburrowinginsubmergedgranularmediathroughfluidizationandshapechange
AT michaelttolley burrowingandunburrowinginsubmergedgranularmediathroughfluidizationandshapechange