A stable systemic infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cynomolgus macaques produces extended window for therapeutic intervention
IntroductionStaphylococcus aureus is a common gram-positive commensal that, upon entering the bloodstream, can cause devastating illness and death within hours or days. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections, now a leading cause of bloodstream infections worldwide, pose significant challe...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1601381/full |
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| author | Adrienne J. Gamblin Max C. Peterson Samantha S. Simon Tatyana Orekov Erica Penn Gabriella Shumyatsky Grishma Patel Amanda Womer Helal Kabir Darnell Bushby Jeanne Muench Karen Feliciano Fabian Paz Brad Finneyfrock Anthony Cook Swagata Kar |
| author_facet | Adrienne J. Gamblin Max C. Peterson Samantha S. Simon Tatyana Orekov Erica Penn Gabriella Shumyatsky Grishma Patel Amanda Womer Helal Kabir Darnell Bushby Jeanne Muench Karen Feliciano Fabian Paz Brad Finneyfrock Anthony Cook Swagata Kar |
| author_sort | Adrienne J. Gamblin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionStaphylococcus aureus is a common gram-positive commensal that, upon entering the bloodstream, can cause devastating illness and death within hours or days. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections, now a leading cause of bloodstream infections worldwide, pose significant challenges due to their rapid progression, high mortality rates, and limited therapeutic options. While there are prevalent small animal models of experimental MRSA infection, there has been minimal development of larger mammalian models capable of recapitulating clinical aspects of human systemic MRSA infection.MethodsFollowing a pilot study to determine the optimal dose and route to establish systemic MRSA infection, we challenged six cynomolgus macaques with 109 colony-forming units MRSA (lineage USA300) via intravenous (IV) route. Animals were monitored closely up to 8 days for physiological, immunological, and cellular endpoints. Histopathology was performed on tissues collected 2 and 8 days after infection.ResultsAn IV dose of 109 CFU MRSA USA300 in cynomolgus macaques produced bacteremia resulting from multifocal invasive infections, elevated markers of systemic inflammation, as well as weight loss, fever, and hemodynamic changes consistent with bloodstream infection. Hematological analyses demonstrated neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphocytopenia, monocytosis, and mild thrombocytopenia. We observed a robust cytokine response, including TNF-α, IL-6, G-CSF, and IL-1RA, peaking 6 h post-infection. Flow cytometry immunophenotyping revealed dynamic shifts in circulating monocyte subpopulations, and histopathological analysis demonstrated multi-organ damage with significant findings in the kidneys, heart, liver, and lungs. By 8 days post-infection, moderate to severe myocardial, renal, and hepatic dysfunction were evident, supported by changes in clinical chemistry biomarkers. None of the animals required euthanasia before the scheduled date of termination.DiscussionIn this study, we establish a non-human primate model of systemic MRSA infection that allows for the characterization of MRSA pathogenesis and evaluation of therapeutics over a period of days rather than hours. This model successfully recapitulates key aspects of human MRSA bloodstream infections, providing a valuable platform for evaluating therapeutic interventions and understanding disease mechanisms. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ba8fc3f8ecc3408daaad415e09f4f3ac |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-ba8fc3f8ecc3408daaad415e09f4f3ac2025-08-20T03:08:17ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2025-07-011610.3389/fmicb.2025.16013811601381A stable systemic infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cynomolgus macaques produces extended window for therapeutic interventionAdrienne J. GamblinMax C. PetersonSamantha S. SimonTatyana OrekovErica PennGabriella ShumyatskyGrishma PatelAmanda WomerHelal KabirDarnell BushbyJeanne MuenchKaren FelicianoFabian PazBrad FinneyfrockAnthony CookSwagata KarIntroductionStaphylococcus aureus is a common gram-positive commensal that, upon entering the bloodstream, can cause devastating illness and death within hours or days. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections, now a leading cause of bloodstream infections worldwide, pose significant challenges due to their rapid progression, high mortality rates, and limited therapeutic options. While there are prevalent small animal models of experimental MRSA infection, there has been minimal development of larger mammalian models capable of recapitulating clinical aspects of human systemic MRSA infection.MethodsFollowing a pilot study to determine the optimal dose and route to establish systemic MRSA infection, we challenged six cynomolgus macaques with 109 colony-forming units MRSA (lineage USA300) via intravenous (IV) route. Animals were monitored closely up to 8 days for physiological, immunological, and cellular endpoints. Histopathology was performed on tissues collected 2 and 8 days after infection.ResultsAn IV dose of 109 CFU MRSA USA300 in cynomolgus macaques produced bacteremia resulting from multifocal invasive infections, elevated markers of systemic inflammation, as well as weight loss, fever, and hemodynamic changes consistent with bloodstream infection. Hematological analyses demonstrated neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphocytopenia, monocytosis, and mild thrombocytopenia. We observed a robust cytokine response, including TNF-α, IL-6, G-CSF, and IL-1RA, peaking 6 h post-infection. Flow cytometry immunophenotyping revealed dynamic shifts in circulating monocyte subpopulations, and histopathological analysis demonstrated multi-organ damage with significant findings in the kidneys, heart, liver, and lungs. By 8 days post-infection, moderate to severe myocardial, renal, and hepatic dysfunction were evident, supported by changes in clinical chemistry biomarkers. None of the animals required euthanasia before the scheduled date of termination.DiscussionIn this study, we establish a non-human primate model of systemic MRSA infection that allows for the characterization of MRSA pathogenesis and evaluation of therapeutics over a period of days rather than hours. This model successfully recapitulates key aspects of human MRSA bloodstream infections, providing a valuable platform for evaluating therapeutic interventions and understanding disease mechanisms.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1601381/fullStaphylococcus aureusMRSAcynomolgus macaquenonhuman primateS. aureus bacteremiabacterial infection model |
| spellingShingle | Adrienne J. Gamblin Max C. Peterson Samantha S. Simon Tatyana Orekov Erica Penn Gabriella Shumyatsky Grishma Patel Amanda Womer Helal Kabir Darnell Bushby Jeanne Muench Karen Feliciano Fabian Paz Brad Finneyfrock Anthony Cook Swagata Kar A stable systemic infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cynomolgus macaques produces extended window for therapeutic intervention Frontiers in Microbiology Staphylococcus aureus MRSA cynomolgus macaque nonhuman primate S. aureus bacteremia bacterial infection model |
| title | A stable systemic infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cynomolgus macaques produces extended window for therapeutic intervention |
| title_full | A stable systemic infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cynomolgus macaques produces extended window for therapeutic intervention |
| title_fullStr | A stable systemic infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cynomolgus macaques produces extended window for therapeutic intervention |
| title_full_unstemmed | A stable systemic infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cynomolgus macaques produces extended window for therapeutic intervention |
| title_short | A stable systemic infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cynomolgus macaques produces extended window for therapeutic intervention |
| title_sort | stable systemic infection of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa in cynomolgus macaques produces extended window for therapeutic intervention |
| topic | Staphylococcus aureus MRSA cynomolgus macaque nonhuman primate S. aureus bacteremia bacterial infection model |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1601381/full |
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