Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western Medicine
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease characterized primarily by skeletal muscle weakness and, in severe cases, respiratory involvement. Western medical treatment predominantly relies on immunosuppressants, but long-term administration often leads to notable side effects. In contrast, trad...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | zho |
| Published: |
Editorial Office of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine
2025-04-01
|
| Series: | Shiyan dongwu yu bijiao yixue |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.slarc.org.cn/dwyx/article/2025/1674-5817/1674-5817-2025-45-2-176.shtml |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849236617495052288 |
|---|---|
| author | CHEN Yuhan CHEN Jinling LI Xin OU Yanhua WANG Si CHEN Jingyi WANG Xingyi YUAN Jiali DUAN Yuanyuan YANG Zhongshan NIU Haitao |
| author_facet | CHEN Yuhan CHEN Jinling LI Xin OU Yanhua WANG Si CHEN Jingyi WANG Xingyi YUAN Jiali DUAN Yuanyuan YANG Zhongshan NIU Haitao |
| author_sort | CHEN Yuhan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease characterized primarily by skeletal muscle weakness and, in severe cases, respiratory involvement. Western medical treatment predominantly relies on immunosuppressants, but long-term administration often leads to notable side effects. In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers the advantage of multi-target interventions. However, the pathogenesis of MG has not been fully elucidated, and the establishment of animal models that accurately reflect the clinical characteristics of both Chinese and Western medicine is essential for mechanism research and new drug development. This paper systematically reviews the etiology and pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and progress of animal model research for MG from both Chinese and Western medicine perspectives. In Western medicine, the pathogenesis of MG is closely related to genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and autoantibody-mediated postsynaptic membrane damage. In TCM, MG is classified under the category of "flaccidity syndrome", attributed to congenital deficiencies and acquired malnourishment. Western diagnostic criteria involve a combination of clinical symptoms, fatigue testing, serum antibody assays, and electrophysiological evaluation. In contrast, TCM diagnosis emphasizes the integration of primary and secondary symptoms with tongue and pulse pattern differentiation. Currently available animal models mainly include experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and passive transfer myasthenia gravis (PTMG). The Toredo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) induced EAMG model aligns well with Western diagnostic criteria, but poorly matches secondary symptoms in TCM. The synthetic AChR peptide model is widely used, but shows low conformity with TCM syndromes. Models induced by muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4), and transgenic models demonstrate high innovation but exhibit low clinical conformity. Evaluation of these models requires integration of behavioral, electrophysiological, and immunological indicators. However, a systematic framework for modelling TCM syndromes is still lacking. Future research should integrate TCM-based etiological modelling methods with the Western pathological mechanisms to construct disease-syndrome combination models. Additionally, it is crucial to establish a TCM syndrome evaluation system based on "validation by prescription", as well as to improve the scientific rigor and practicality of animal models by the incorporation of emerging technologies. This review provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing MG animal model design, advancing the research on the combination of Chinese and Western medicine, and supporting efficacy assessment and mechanism exploration of Chinese herbal prescriptions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ba6b87be8ae344c8b40e54f0f1e7743d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1674-5817 |
| language | zho |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Editorial Office of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Shiyan dongwu yu bijiao yixue |
| spelling | doaj-art-ba6b87be8ae344c8b40e54f0f1e7743d2025-08-20T04:02:12ZzhoEditorial Office of Laboratory Animal and Comparative MedicineShiyan dongwu yu bijiao yixue1674-58172025-04-0145217618610.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.1391674-5817（2025）02-0176-11Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western MedicineCHEN Yuhan0CHEN Jinling1LI Xin2OU Yanhua3WANG Si4CHEN Jingyi5WANG Xingyi6YUAN Jiali7DUAN Yuanyuan8YANG Zhongshan9NIU Haitao10Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Diseases in Prevention Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Diseases in Prevention Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, ChinaKey Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, ChinaKey Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Diseases in Prevention Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Diseases in Prevention Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Diseases in Prevention Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Diseases in Prevention Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, ChinaKey Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Diseases in Prevention Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Diseases in Prevention Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, ChinaMyasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease characterized primarily by skeletal muscle weakness and, in severe cases, respiratory involvement. Western medical treatment predominantly relies on immunosuppressants, but long-term administration often leads to notable side effects. In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers the advantage of multi-target interventions. However, the pathogenesis of MG has not been fully elucidated, and the establishment of animal models that accurately reflect the clinical characteristics of both Chinese and Western medicine is essential for mechanism research and new drug development. This paper systematically reviews the etiology and pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and progress of animal model research for MG from both Chinese and Western medicine perspectives. In Western medicine, the pathogenesis of MG is closely related to genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and autoantibody-mediated postsynaptic membrane damage. In TCM, MG is classified under the category of "flaccidity syndrome", attributed to congenital deficiencies and acquired malnourishment. Western diagnostic criteria involve a combination of clinical symptoms, fatigue testing, serum antibody assays, and electrophysiological evaluation. In contrast, TCM diagnosis emphasizes the integration of primary and secondary symptoms with tongue and pulse pattern differentiation. Currently available animal models mainly include experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and passive transfer myasthenia gravis (PTMG). The Toredo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) induced EAMG model aligns well with Western diagnostic criteria, but poorly matches secondary symptoms in TCM. The synthetic AChR peptide model is widely used, but shows low conformity with TCM syndromes. Models induced by muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4), and transgenic models demonstrate high innovation but exhibit low clinical conformity. Evaluation of these models requires integration of behavioral, electrophysiological, and immunological indicators. However, a systematic framework for modelling TCM syndromes is still lacking. Future research should integrate TCM-based etiological modelling methods with the Western pathological mechanisms to construct disease-syndrome combination models. Additionally, it is crucial to establish a TCM syndrome evaluation system based on "validation by prescription", as well as to improve the scientific rigor and practicality of animal models by the incorporation of emerging technologies. This review provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing MG animal model design, advancing the research on the combination of Chinese and Western medicine, and supporting efficacy assessment and mechanism exploration of Chinese herbal prescriptions.https://www.slarc.org.cn/dwyx/article/2025/1674-5817/1674-5817-2025-45-2-176.shtmlmyasthenia gravisdisease-syndrome combinationdiagnostic criteriaanimal modelconformity |
| spellingShingle | CHEN Yuhan CHEN Jinling LI Xin OU Yanhua WANG Si CHEN Jingyi WANG Xingyi YUAN Jiali DUAN Yuanyuan YANG Zhongshan NIU Haitao Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western Medicine Shiyan dongwu yu bijiao yixue myasthenia gravis disease-syndrome combination diagnostic criteria animal model conformity |
| title | Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western Medicine |
| title_full | Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western Medicine |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western Medicine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western Medicine |
| title_short | Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western Medicine |
| title_sort | analysis of animal models of myasthenia gravis based on its clinical characteristics in chinese and western medicine |
| topic | myasthenia gravis disease-syndrome combination diagnostic criteria animal model conformity |
| url | https://www.slarc.org.cn/dwyx/article/2025/1674-5817/1674-5817-2025-45-2-176.shtml |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chenyuhan analysisofanimalmodelsofmyastheniagravisbasedonitsclinicalcharacteristicsinchineseandwesternmedicine AT chenjinling analysisofanimalmodelsofmyastheniagravisbasedonitsclinicalcharacteristicsinchineseandwesternmedicine AT lixin analysisofanimalmodelsofmyastheniagravisbasedonitsclinicalcharacteristicsinchineseandwesternmedicine AT ouyanhua analysisofanimalmodelsofmyastheniagravisbasedonitsclinicalcharacteristicsinchineseandwesternmedicine AT wangsi analysisofanimalmodelsofmyastheniagravisbasedonitsclinicalcharacteristicsinchineseandwesternmedicine AT chenjingyi analysisofanimalmodelsofmyastheniagravisbasedonitsclinicalcharacteristicsinchineseandwesternmedicine AT wangxingyi analysisofanimalmodelsofmyastheniagravisbasedonitsclinicalcharacteristicsinchineseandwesternmedicine AT yuanjiali analysisofanimalmodelsofmyastheniagravisbasedonitsclinicalcharacteristicsinchineseandwesternmedicine AT duanyuanyuan analysisofanimalmodelsofmyastheniagravisbasedonitsclinicalcharacteristicsinchineseandwesternmedicine AT yangzhongshan analysisofanimalmodelsofmyastheniagravisbasedonitsclinicalcharacteristicsinchineseandwesternmedicine AT niuhaitao analysisofanimalmodelsofmyastheniagravisbasedonitsclinicalcharacteristicsinchineseandwesternmedicine |