Global Burden of Testicular Cancer and Its Risk Factors
Testicular cancer (TC) is a rare cancer accounting for 5% of total urologic tumors. It occurs in distinct age groups of adolescents and young adults unlike other cancers peaking in the older age groups. About 95% of TC arises from germ cells. The histological classification of TC consists mainly of...
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| Format: | Article |
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Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0044-1796675 |
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| author | Sharyu Mhamane Sonali Bagal Samyukta Shivshankar Prithviraj Kadam Gagan Prakash Atul Budukh |
| author_facet | Sharyu Mhamane Sonali Bagal Samyukta Shivshankar Prithviraj Kadam Gagan Prakash Atul Budukh |
| author_sort | Sharyu Mhamane |
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| description | Testicular cancer (TC) is a rare cancer accounting for 5% of total urologic tumors. It occurs in distinct age groups of adolescents and young adults unlike other cancers peaking in the older age groups. About 95% of TC arises from germ cells. The histological classification of TC consists mainly of seminomas and nonseminomas. Based on GLOBOCAN 2022, the continent with the highest incidence rate was Europe (Age-adjusted rate-6.4), while Africa (0.59) had the lowest incidence. The highest mortality rates were estimated for Latin America and the Caribbean (0.58) followed by Europe (0.35) while the lowest was for the Asian continent (0.14). The highest prevalence of TC was in Europe followed by Oceania and Northern America, while Africa had the least prevalence of TC cases among all. A myriad of risk factors is associated with TC; Cryptorchidism is the strongest associated risk factor of TC increasing the risk by fivefold. Other risk factors identified include family history increasing the risk by four- to eightfold, increased adult height, infertility (1.6- to 2.8-fold), pesticide exposure (threefold), and gr/gr deletion (threefold). Clinically, TC generally presents as a painless scrotal swelling often mistaken as a hydrocele and the bulk of disease growing in the retroperitoneum can be asymptomatic even after growing to a huge size. This article aims to present the global burden of TC and also discusses its etiological risk factors. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ba34bde4e0544099b6964d4fde72973a |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0971-5851 0975-2129 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |
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| series | Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology |
| spelling | doaj-art-ba34bde4e0544099b6964d4fde72973a2025-08-20T02:32:44ZengThieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology0971-58510975-21292025-04-01460214214910.1055/s-0044-1796675Global Burden of Testicular Cancer and Its Risk FactorsSharyu Mhamane0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7406-8134Sonali Bagal1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2510-1751Samyukta Shivshankar2https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9521-9578Prithviraj Kadam3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6241-9518Gagan Prakash4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1722-4337Atul Budukh5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6723-802XCentre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaCentre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaCentre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaCentre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaDivision of Urologic Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaCentre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaTesticular cancer (TC) is a rare cancer accounting for 5% of total urologic tumors. It occurs in distinct age groups of adolescents and young adults unlike other cancers peaking in the older age groups. About 95% of TC arises from germ cells. The histological classification of TC consists mainly of seminomas and nonseminomas. Based on GLOBOCAN 2022, the continent with the highest incidence rate was Europe (Age-adjusted rate-6.4), while Africa (0.59) had the lowest incidence. The highest mortality rates were estimated for Latin America and the Caribbean (0.58) followed by Europe (0.35) while the lowest was for the Asian continent (0.14). The highest prevalence of TC was in Europe followed by Oceania and Northern America, while Africa had the least prevalence of TC cases among all. A myriad of risk factors is associated with TC; Cryptorchidism is the strongest associated risk factor of TC increasing the risk by fivefold. Other risk factors identified include family history increasing the risk by four- to eightfold, increased adult height, infertility (1.6- to 2.8-fold), pesticide exposure (threefold), and gr/gr deletion (threefold). Clinically, TC generally presents as a painless scrotal swelling often mistaken as a hydrocele and the bulk of disease growing in the retroperitoneum can be asymptomatic even after growing to a huge size. This article aims to present the global burden of TC and also discusses its etiological risk factors.http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0044-1796675testicular cancerepidemiologyGLOBOCANetiologycryptorchidism |
| spellingShingle | Sharyu Mhamane Sonali Bagal Samyukta Shivshankar Prithviraj Kadam Gagan Prakash Atul Budukh Global Burden of Testicular Cancer and Its Risk Factors Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology testicular cancer epidemiology GLOBOCAN etiology cryptorchidism |
| title | Global Burden of Testicular Cancer and Its Risk Factors |
| title_full | Global Burden of Testicular Cancer and Its Risk Factors |
| title_fullStr | Global Burden of Testicular Cancer and Its Risk Factors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global Burden of Testicular Cancer and Its Risk Factors |
| title_short | Global Burden of Testicular Cancer and Its Risk Factors |
| title_sort | global burden of testicular cancer and its risk factors |
| topic | testicular cancer epidemiology GLOBOCAN etiology cryptorchidism |
| url | http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0044-1796675 |
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