Smart Contract as a Novel Method of Contracting: Many Unanswered Legal Questions

Smart contracts have shed light on a new era of contract law, which necessitates a proper legal response to address their unique characteristics, including automation, self-enforcement, coded, immutability, and irreversibility. While these features offer significant legal and practical benefits, the...

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Main Authors: Omar Farouk Al Mashhour, Ahmad Shamsul Abd Aziz, Nor Azlina Mohd Noor
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Hasanuddin University 2025-01-01
Series:Hasanuddin Law Review
Subjects:
Online Access:http://pasca.unhas.ac.id/ojs/index.php/halrev/article/view/5061
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author Omar Farouk Al Mashhour
Ahmad Shamsul Abd Aziz
Nor Azlina Mohd Noor
author_facet Omar Farouk Al Mashhour
Ahmad Shamsul Abd Aziz
Nor Azlina Mohd Noor
author_sort Omar Farouk Al Mashhour
collection DOAJ
description Smart contracts have shed light on a new era of contract law, which necessitates a proper legal response to address their unique characteristics, including automation, self-enforcement, coded, immutability, and irreversibility. While these features offer significant legal and practical benefits, they raised critical legal questions. The study aims to identify the legal challenges resulting from the implementation of smart contracts through an in-depth examination of various key aspects. To achieve the intended objective, the study adopted qualitative research utilising the library method and analysing data descriptively and analytically. The study revealed that applying the current conventional contract laws is inadequate and would create a bundle of unprecedented legal questions related to all the life cycle of the contracts, such as legal existence, formation and enforcement, jurisdictional issue, mechanism, unlawful activities, as well as the third parties. The study recommended establishing a specialised framework to address various issues, including the establishment of a regulatory and supervisory body, legislative clarification on various aspects of smart contracts’ such as exchange of will, place, and time, coding language and coding errors, essential functions, jurisdiction and enforcement, ADR, external partners such as Oracle and coding experts, in addition to other matters pertaining to validity and admissibility. Future studies may focus on using these questions as a way to measure the viability of their law to address the emergence of smart contracts.
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spelling doaj-art-b9cb698eb2224e4897f5caae60ab621e2025-08-20T02:48:47ZengHasanuddin UniversityHasanuddin Law Review2442-98802442-98992025-01-0111112710.20956/halrev.v11i1.5061982Smart Contract as a Novel Method of Contracting: Many Unanswered Legal QuestionsOmar Farouk Al Mashhour0Ahmad Shamsul Abd Aziz1Nor Azlina Mohd Noor2Department of Business and Management, Faculty of Administrative Science and Economics, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan RegionThe Northern University of Malaysia (UUM)The Northern University of Malaysia (UUM)Smart contracts have shed light on a new era of contract law, which necessitates a proper legal response to address their unique characteristics, including automation, self-enforcement, coded, immutability, and irreversibility. While these features offer significant legal and practical benefits, they raised critical legal questions. The study aims to identify the legal challenges resulting from the implementation of smart contracts through an in-depth examination of various key aspects. To achieve the intended objective, the study adopted qualitative research utilising the library method and analysing data descriptively and analytically. The study revealed that applying the current conventional contract laws is inadequate and would create a bundle of unprecedented legal questions related to all the life cycle of the contracts, such as legal existence, formation and enforcement, jurisdictional issue, mechanism, unlawful activities, as well as the third parties. The study recommended establishing a specialised framework to address various issues, including the establishment of a regulatory and supervisory body, legislative clarification on various aspects of smart contracts’ such as exchange of will, place, and time, coding language and coding errors, essential functions, jurisdiction and enforcement, ADR, external partners such as Oracle and coding experts, in addition to other matters pertaining to validity and admissibility. Future studies may focus on using these questions as a way to measure the viability of their law to address the emergence of smart contracts.http://pasca.unhas.ac.id/ojs/index.php/halrev/article/view/5061blockchaindecentralisedlegislationimmutableself-enforcedsmart contract
spellingShingle Omar Farouk Al Mashhour
Ahmad Shamsul Abd Aziz
Nor Azlina Mohd Noor
Smart Contract as a Novel Method of Contracting: Many Unanswered Legal Questions
Hasanuddin Law Review
blockchain
decentralised
legislation
immutable
self-enforced
smart contract
title Smart Contract as a Novel Method of Contracting: Many Unanswered Legal Questions
title_full Smart Contract as a Novel Method of Contracting: Many Unanswered Legal Questions
title_fullStr Smart Contract as a Novel Method of Contracting: Many Unanswered Legal Questions
title_full_unstemmed Smart Contract as a Novel Method of Contracting: Many Unanswered Legal Questions
title_short Smart Contract as a Novel Method of Contracting: Many Unanswered Legal Questions
title_sort smart contract as a novel method of contracting many unanswered legal questions
topic blockchain
decentralised
legislation
immutable
self-enforced
smart contract
url http://pasca.unhas.ac.id/ojs/index.php/halrev/article/view/5061
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