Rapid Detection of Antibiotic Mycelial Dregs Adulteration in Single-Cell Protein Feed by HS-GC-IMS and Chemometrics
Single-cell protein feed (SCPF) is an important supplement to protein feed materials, but its authenticity is often affected by antibiotic mycelial dregs (AMD). Headspace-gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), integrated with chemometrics, was utilized to differentiate nucleotide...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/10/1710 |
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| author | Yuchao Feng Yang Li Wenxin Zheng Decheng Suo Ping Gong Xiaolu Liu Xia Fan |
| author_facet | Yuchao Feng Yang Li Wenxin Zheng Decheng Suo Ping Gong Xiaolu Liu Xia Fan |
| author_sort | Yuchao Feng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Single-cell protein feed (SCPF) is an important supplement to protein feed materials, but its authenticity is often affected by antibiotic mycelial dregs (AMD). Headspace-gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), integrated with chemometrics, was utilized to differentiate nucleotide residue (NR), three AMDs, and adulterated samples with concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 20% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to classify the adulterated samples. In addition, the feasibility of quantitative analysis of the AMDs content in adulterated SCPF based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithm. In total, 88 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected. The differences in VOCs between NR and AMD mainly came from aldehydes, alcohols, and esters. The OPLS-DA models effectively identified AMD in adulterated NR samples (Accuracy = 100%), demonstrating the HS-GC-IMS data’s good application potential for the SCPF adulteration. Nine VOCs, i.e., 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine, dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, 2-methylpropanol, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, linalool, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, citronellol, acetoin, and 3-methylbutan-1-ol, were proposed as key markers for detecting NR adulterated with AMDs. The PLSR algorithm was further used to determine the AMD content in NR (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup><sub>cal</sub> = 0.96, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup><sub>cv</sub> = 0.94). This study validated HS-GC-IMS’s ability to analyze volatile organic compounds in feed and showcased its utility as a convenient, quick, and affordable tool for SCPF authenticity screening. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b9bc3d44702a4b2ab84768ccb6303184 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj-art-b9bc3d44702a4b2ab84768ccb63031842025-08-20T03:14:34ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582025-05-011410171010.3390/foods14101710Rapid Detection of Antibiotic Mycelial Dregs Adulteration in Single-Cell Protein Feed by HS-GC-IMS and ChemometricsYuchao Feng0Yang Li1Wenxin Zheng2Decheng Suo3Ping Gong4Xiaolu Liu5Xia Fan6Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Animal Husbandry Quality Standards, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830057, ChinaInstitute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Animal Husbandry Quality Standards, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830057, ChinaInstitute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaInstitute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaSingle-cell protein feed (SCPF) is an important supplement to protein feed materials, but its authenticity is often affected by antibiotic mycelial dregs (AMD). Headspace-gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), integrated with chemometrics, was utilized to differentiate nucleotide residue (NR), three AMDs, and adulterated samples with concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 20% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to classify the adulterated samples. In addition, the feasibility of quantitative analysis of the AMDs content in adulterated SCPF based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithm. In total, 88 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected. The differences in VOCs between NR and AMD mainly came from aldehydes, alcohols, and esters. The OPLS-DA models effectively identified AMD in adulterated NR samples (Accuracy = 100%), demonstrating the HS-GC-IMS data’s good application potential for the SCPF adulteration. Nine VOCs, i.e., 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine, dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, 2-methylpropanol, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, linalool, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, citronellol, acetoin, and 3-methylbutan-1-ol, were proposed as key markers for detecting NR adulterated with AMDs. The PLSR algorithm was further used to determine the AMD content in NR (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup><sub>cal</sub> = 0.96, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup><sub>cv</sub> = 0.94). This study validated HS-GC-IMS’s ability to analyze volatile organic compounds in feed and showcased its utility as a convenient, quick, and affordable tool for SCPF authenticity screening.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/10/1710volatile compoundsheadspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometrychemometric methodantibiotic mycelial dregsprotein feed |
| spellingShingle | Yuchao Feng Yang Li Wenxin Zheng Decheng Suo Ping Gong Xiaolu Liu Xia Fan Rapid Detection of Antibiotic Mycelial Dregs Adulteration in Single-Cell Protein Feed by HS-GC-IMS and Chemometrics Foods volatile compounds headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry chemometric method antibiotic mycelial dregs protein feed |
| title | Rapid Detection of Antibiotic Mycelial Dregs Adulteration in Single-Cell Protein Feed by HS-GC-IMS and Chemometrics |
| title_full | Rapid Detection of Antibiotic Mycelial Dregs Adulteration in Single-Cell Protein Feed by HS-GC-IMS and Chemometrics |
| title_fullStr | Rapid Detection of Antibiotic Mycelial Dregs Adulteration in Single-Cell Protein Feed by HS-GC-IMS and Chemometrics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rapid Detection of Antibiotic Mycelial Dregs Adulteration in Single-Cell Protein Feed by HS-GC-IMS and Chemometrics |
| title_short | Rapid Detection of Antibiotic Mycelial Dregs Adulteration in Single-Cell Protein Feed by HS-GC-IMS and Chemometrics |
| title_sort | rapid detection of antibiotic mycelial dregs adulteration in single cell protein feed by hs gc ims and chemometrics |
| topic | volatile compounds headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry chemometric method antibiotic mycelial dregs protein feed |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/10/1710 |
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