Effects of Eucalyptus Essential Oil on Growth, Immunological Indicators, Disease Resistance, Intestinal Morphology and Gut Microbiota in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i>
Essential oils serve as potential additives that can enhance immune respons and disease resistance and regulate the gut microbiota of fish. Here, this research aims to identify the impacts of eucalyptus essential oil (EEO) on growth, liver antioxidative and immune parameters, resistance to <i>...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Ziyang Lin Shengzhe An Chuanpeng Zhou Yaqi Chen Zhenchuang Gao Juan Feng Heizhao Lin Pengwei Xun Wei Yu |
| author_facet | Ziyang Lin Shengzhe An Chuanpeng Zhou Yaqi Chen Zhenchuang Gao Juan Feng Heizhao Lin Pengwei Xun Wei Yu |
| author_sort | Ziyang Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Essential oils serve as potential additives that can enhance immune respons and disease resistance and regulate the gut microbiota of fish. Here, this research aims to identify the impacts of eucalyptus essential oil (EEO) on growth, liver antioxidative and immune parameters, resistance to <i>Streptococcus iniae</i>, intestinal morphology and gut microbiota in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i>. All fish (initial weight: 26.87 ± 0.30 g) were randomly allocated to 12 floating cages (2.0 × 2.0 × 2.0 m<sup>3</sup>) with each cage containing 100 fish and fed for 30 days. Four diets were manufactured with the supplementation of varying levels of EEO (control and 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 mL/kg) and were named CG, EEO1, EEO2 and EEO3, respectively. The results showed that EEO1 and EEO2 diets significantly increased WGR, thickness of the intestinal muscle layer, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C), while decreasing the intestinal crypt depth of <i>T. ovatus</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Significantly increased activities of SOD and CAT and significantly reduced MDA levels were present in the EEO1 and/or EEO2 groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Moreover, the mRNA levels of <i>nrf2</i>, <i>HO-1</i>, <i>GSH-Px</i>, <i>SOD</i>, <i>C4</i> and <i>GR</i> genes were significantly upregulated and the expression of <i>keap1</i> and <i>HSP70</i> genes were significantly downregulated within the EEO1 and EEO2 groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). After challenge with <i>S. iniae B240703</i> for 24 h, the bacterial load for five organs in the EEO2 group was less than that in the CG group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In addition, the fish fed EEO1 and/or EEO2 diets had significantly lower abundances of pathogenic bacteria (<i>Proteobacteria</i>, <i>Planctomycetota</i>, <i>Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i> and <i>Blastopirellula</i>) and a higher beneficial bacteria proportion (<i>Firmicutes</i>) than those fed the CG diets (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In conclusion, a moderate dietary m EO level (5.0~10.0 mL/kg) improved the growth and gut morphology, promoted liver immune response, enhanced resistance to <i>S. iniae</i> and modulated the gut microbiota of <i>T. ovatus</i>. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b9ba0a05d4524ced972fc4df5b06cb8e |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-b9ba0a05d4524ced972fc4df5b06cb8e2025-08-20T02:42:27ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-02-0113353710.3390/microorganisms13030537Effects of Eucalyptus Essential Oil on Growth, Immunological Indicators, Disease Resistance, Intestinal Morphology and Gut Microbiota in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i>Ziyang Lin0Shengzhe An1Chuanpeng Zhou2Yaqi Chen3Zhenchuang Gao4Juan Feng5Heizhao Lin6Pengwei Xun7Wei Yu8School of Fisheries, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, ChinaKey Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, ChinaKey Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572426, ChinaSchool of Fisheries, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, ChinaSchool of Fisheries, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, ChinaKey Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, ChinaKey Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, ChinaSchool of Fisheries, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464000, ChinaKey Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572426, ChinaEssential oils serve as potential additives that can enhance immune respons and disease resistance and regulate the gut microbiota of fish. Here, this research aims to identify the impacts of eucalyptus essential oil (EEO) on growth, liver antioxidative and immune parameters, resistance to <i>Streptococcus iniae</i>, intestinal morphology and gut microbiota in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i>. All fish (initial weight: 26.87 ± 0.30 g) were randomly allocated to 12 floating cages (2.0 × 2.0 × 2.0 m<sup>3</sup>) with each cage containing 100 fish and fed for 30 days. Four diets were manufactured with the supplementation of varying levels of EEO (control and 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 mL/kg) and were named CG, EEO1, EEO2 and EEO3, respectively. The results showed that EEO1 and EEO2 diets significantly increased WGR, thickness of the intestinal muscle layer, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C), while decreasing the intestinal crypt depth of <i>T. ovatus</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Significantly increased activities of SOD and CAT and significantly reduced MDA levels were present in the EEO1 and/or EEO2 groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Moreover, the mRNA levels of <i>nrf2</i>, <i>HO-1</i>, <i>GSH-Px</i>, <i>SOD</i>, <i>C4</i> and <i>GR</i> genes were significantly upregulated and the expression of <i>keap1</i> and <i>HSP70</i> genes were significantly downregulated within the EEO1 and EEO2 groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). After challenge with <i>S. iniae B240703</i> for 24 h, the bacterial load for five organs in the EEO2 group was less than that in the CG group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In addition, the fish fed EEO1 and/or EEO2 diets had significantly lower abundances of pathogenic bacteria (<i>Proteobacteria</i>, <i>Planctomycetota</i>, <i>Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i> and <i>Blastopirellula</i>) and a higher beneficial bacteria proportion (<i>Firmicutes</i>) than those fed the CG diets (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In conclusion, a moderate dietary m EO level (5.0~10.0 mL/kg) improved the growth and gut morphology, promoted liver immune response, enhanced resistance to <i>S. iniae</i> and modulated the gut microbiota of <i>T. ovatus</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/3/537eucalyptus essential oilimmunological parametersintestinal microfloradisease resistance<i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> |
| spellingShingle | Ziyang Lin Shengzhe An Chuanpeng Zhou Yaqi Chen Zhenchuang Gao Juan Feng Heizhao Lin Pengwei Xun Wei Yu Effects of Eucalyptus Essential Oil on Growth, Immunological Indicators, Disease Resistance, Intestinal Morphology and Gut Microbiota in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> Microorganisms eucalyptus essential oil immunological parameters intestinal microflora disease resistance <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> |
| title | Effects of Eucalyptus Essential Oil on Growth, Immunological Indicators, Disease Resistance, Intestinal Morphology and Gut Microbiota in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> |
| title_full | Effects of Eucalyptus Essential Oil on Growth, Immunological Indicators, Disease Resistance, Intestinal Morphology and Gut Microbiota in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Eucalyptus Essential Oil on Growth, Immunological Indicators, Disease Resistance, Intestinal Morphology and Gut Microbiota in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Eucalyptus Essential Oil on Growth, Immunological Indicators, Disease Resistance, Intestinal Morphology and Gut Microbiota in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> |
| title_short | Effects of Eucalyptus Essential Oil on Growth, Immunological Indicators, Disease Resistance, Intestinal Morphology and Gut Microbiota in <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> |
| title_sort | effects of eucalyptus essential oil on growth immunological indicators disease resistance intestinal morphology and gut microbiota in i trachinotus ovatus i |
| topic | eucalyptus essential oil immunological parameters intestinal microflora disease resistance <i>Trachinotus ovatus</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/3/537 |
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