Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine Following a Single Dose in Marine Toads (Rhinella marina)
Transdermal administration is an important method of pharmacologic drug therapy in amphibians, made possible by their unique skin physiology and permeability. Despite this, there are relatively few studies that investigate transdermal pharmacokinetics in amphibians. The objective of this study was t...
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Wiley
2020-01-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Medicine International |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8863537 |
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| author | Gregory Scott Meghan M. Louis Julie A. Balko Claire M. Bublitz Brigid V. Troan Ronald E. Baynes Dustin Smith Larry J. Minter |
| author_facet | Gregory Scott Meghan M. Louis Julie A. Balko Claire M. Bublitz Brigid V. Troan Ronald E. Baynes Dustin Smith Larry J. Minter |
| author_sort | Gregory Scott |
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| description | Transdermal administration is an important method of pharmacologic drug therapy in amphibians, made possible by their unique skin physiology and permeability. Despite this, there are relatively few studies that investigate transdermal pharmacokinetics in amphibians. The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine applied topically to marine toads (Rhinella marina). Twenty-one adult marine toads were administered flunixin meglumine (3.3 mg/kg) topically on their dorsum and randomized (n = 7/group) to blood collection at two timepoints from the following: 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours (h), using a sparse sampling protocol. Plasma was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were analyzed individually and reported as a mean of the samples at each timepoint. The mean peak plasma concentration was 6.31 µg/ml, area under the curve was 29.37 μg-h/mL, and elimination half-life was 2.79 h. No adverse effects were noted in any animals. A subset of 12 animals were euthanized at serial timepoints and necropsied. Histopathology of skin and major organs revealed one minimal superficial lesion in a single toad potentially attributable to flunixin meglumine administration; otherwise, no other treatment-related lesions were observed in 11 of 12 toads. A single topical dose of transdermal flunixin meglumine was rapidly absorbed in marine toads in the current study, and peak plasma concentrations exceeded therapeutic ranges established in cattle with no significant pathologic findings. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b9320efd5d054a6989daf61f9280e866 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2090-8113 2042-0048 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| series | Veterinary Medicine International |
| spelling | doaj-art-b9320efd5d054a6989daf61f9280e8662025-02-03T06:05:18ZengWileyVeterinary Medicine International2090-81132042-00482020-01-01202010.1155/2020/88635378863537Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine Following a Single Dose in Marine Toads (Rhinella marina)Gregory Scott0Meghan M. Louis1Julie A. Balko2Claire M. Bublitz3Brigid V. Troan4Ronald E. Baynes5Dustin Smith6Larry J. Minter7Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USADepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USAEnvironmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USADepartment of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USAHanes Veterinary Medical Center, North Carolina Zoo, 4401 Zoo Parkway, Asheboro, NC 27205, USADepartment of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USAHanes Veterinary Medical Center, North Carolina Zoo, 4401 Zoo Parkway, Asheboro, NC 27205, USAHanes Veterinary Medical Center, North Carolina Zoo, 4401 Zoo Parkway, Asheboro, NC 27205, USATransdermal administration is an important method of pharmacologic drug therapy in amphibians, made possible by their unique skin physiology and permeability. Despite this, there are relatively few studies that investigate transdermal pharmacokinetics in amphibians. The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine applied topically to marine toads (Rhinella marina). Twenty-one adult marine toads were administered flunixin meglumine (3.3 mg/kg) topically on their dorsum and randomized (n = 7/group) to blood collection at two timepoints from the following: 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours (h), using a sparse sampling protocol. Plasma was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were analyzed individually and reported as a mean of the samples at each timepoint. The mean peak plasma concentration was 6.31 µg/ml, area under the curve was 29.37 μg-h/mL, and elimination half-life was 2.79 h. No adverse effects were noted in any animals. A subset of 12 animals were euthanized at serial timepoints and necropsied. Histopathology of skin and major organs revealed one minimal superficial lesion in a single toad potentially attributable to flunixin meglumine administration; otherwise, no other treatment-related lesions were observed in 11 of 12 toads. A single topical dose of transdermal flunixin meglumine was rapidly absorbed in marine toads in the current study, and peak plasma concentrations exceeded therapeutic ranges established in cattle with no significant pathologic findings.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8863537 |
| spellingShingle | Gregory Scott Meghan M. Louis Julie A. Balko Claire M. Bublitz Brigid V. Troan Ronald E. Baynes Dustin Smith Larry J. Minter Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine Following a Single Dose in Marine Toads (Rhinella marina) Veterinary Medicine International |
| title | Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine Following a Single Dose in Marine Toads (Rhinella marina) |
| title_full | Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine Following a Single Dose in Marine Toads (Rhinella marina) |
| title_fullStr | Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine Following a Single Dose in Marine Toads (Rhinella marina) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine Following a Single Dose in Marine Toads (Rhinella marina) |
| title_short | Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine Following a Single Dose in Marine Toads (Rhinella marina) |
| title_sort | pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine following a single dose in marine toads rhinella marina |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8863537 |
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