Research trends in virtual reality surgical simulation for education: a systematic review

Purpose: Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a transformative tool in surgical education, offering a controlled and repeatable training environment that mitigates ethical and legal challenges associated with traditional apprenticeship models. By simulating real-life surgical scenarios, VR allows tra...

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Main Authors: Changhyun Choi, Hongrae Kim, Dae Kyung Sohn
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: The Korean Society of Endo-Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgery 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.e-jmis.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.7602/jmis.2025.28.2.51
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author Changhyun Choi
Hongrae Kim
Dae Kyung Sohn
author_facet Changhyun Choi
Hongrae Kim
Dae Kyung Sohn
author_sort Changhyun Choi
collection DOAJ
description Purpose: Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a transformative tool in surgical education, offering a controlled and repeatable training environment that mitigates ethical and legal challenges associated with traditional apprenticeship models. By simulating real-life surgical scenarios, VR allows trainees to practice procedures safely while improving skill acquisition and procedural efficiency. In this study, we systematically reviewed research trends in VR-based surgical education to provide insights into its current applications and future potential. Methods : A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, identifying 395 studies. Of these, 92 studies met predefined inclusion criteria and were selected for analysis. The selected studies were analyzed based on publication period, surgical procedure, medical specialty, country of origin, and outcome measures. Results : Study findings revealed that research on VR surgical simulation peaked between 2005 and 2009, followed by a decline in recent years. Laparoscopic and endoscopic training were the most frequently studied procedures, with general surgery and gastroenterology being the most predominant specialties. The United States contributed the highest number of publications. Common outcome measures for evaluating VR training effectiveness included time, movement economy, subject evaluation, error rates, proficiency scales, and accuracy. Conclusion : These findings illustrate the historical trajectory and current landscape of VR use in surgical training. While the initial surge in interest has waned, VR remains a valuable tool for procedural skill development, particularly in laparoscopic and endoscopic training, and its future potential may depend on improvements in realism, cost-efficiency, and curriculum integration.
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spelling doaj-art-b92dca89c12b483ca16741dbd8b9c6632025-08-20T02:37:07ZengThe Korean Society of Endo-Laparoscopic & Robotic SurgeryJournal of Minimally Invasive Surgery2234-778X2025-06-01282516110.7602/jmis.2025.28.2.51jmis.2025.28.2.51Research trends in virtual reality surgical simulation for education: a systematic reviewChanghyun Choi0Hongrae Kim1Dae Kyung Sohn2Biomedical Engineering Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, KoreaBiomedical Engineering Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, KoreaBiomedical Engineering Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, KoreaPurpose: Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a transformative tool in surgical education, offering a controlled and repeatable training environment that mitigates ethical and legal challenges associated with traditional apprenticeship models. By simulating real-life surgical scenarios, VR allows trainees to practice procedures safely while improving skill acquisition and procedural efficiency. In this study, we systematically reviewed research trends in VR-based surgical education to provide insights into its current applications and future potential. Methods : A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, identifying 395 studies. Of these, 92 studies met predefined inclusion criteria and were selected for analysis. The selected studies were analyzed based on publication period, surgical procedure, medical specialty, country of origin, and outcome measures. Results : Study findings revealed that research on VR surgical simulation peaked between 2005 and 2009, followed by a decline in recent years. Laparoscopic and endoscopic training were the most frequently studied procedures, with general surgery and gastroenterology being the most predominant specialties. The United States contributed the highest number of publications. Common outcome measures for evaluating VR training effectiveness included time, movement economy, subject evaluation, error rates, proficiency scales, and accuracy. Conclusion : These findings illustrate the historical trajectory and current landscape of VR use in surgical training. While the initial surge in interest has waned, VR remains a valuable tool for procedural skill development, particularly in laparoscopic and endoscopic training, and its future potential may depend on improvements in realism, cost-efficiency, and curriculum integration.http://www.e-jmis.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.7602/jmis.2025.28.2.51virtual realitysimulation trainingtrendsoperative surgical procedureseducation
spellingShingle Changhyun Choi
Hongrae Kim
Dae Kyung Sohn
Research trends in virtual reality surgical simulation for education: a systematic review
Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery
virtual reality
simulation training
trends
operative surgical procedures
education
title Research trends in virtual reality surgical simulation for education: a systematic review
title_full Research trends in virtual reality surgical simulation for education: a systematic review
title_fullStr Research trends in virtual reality surgical simulation for education: a systematic review
title_full_unstemmed Research trends in virtual reality surgical simulation for education: a systematic review
title_short Research trends in virtual reality surgical simulation for education: a systematic review
title_sort research trends in virtual reality surgical simulation for education a systematic review
topic virtual reality
simulation training
trends
operative surgical procedures
education
url http://www.e-jmis.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.7602/jmis.2025.28.2.51
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AT hongraekim researchtrendsinvirtualrealitysurgicalsimulationforeducationasystematicreview
AT daekyungsohn researchtrendsinvirtualrealitysurgicalsimulationforeducationasystematicreview