Understanding dysbiosis and resilience in the human gut microbiome: biomarkers, interventions, and challenges

The healthy gut microbiome is important in maintaining health and preventing various chronic and metabolic diseases through interactions with the host via different gut–organ axes, such as the gut-brain, gut-liver, gut-immune, and gut-lung axes. The human gut microbiome is relatively stable, yet can...

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Main Authors: Azadeh Safarchi, Ghanyah Al-Qadami, Cuong D. Tran, Michael Conlon
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Microbiology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1559521/full
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author Azadeh Safarchi
Azadeh Safarchi
Ghanyah Al-Qadami
Ghanyah Al-Qadami
Cuong D. Tran
Michael Conlon
author_facet Azadeh Safarchi
Azadeh Safarchi
Ghanyah Al-Qadami
Ghanyah Al-Qadami
Cuong D. Tran
Michael Conlon
author_sort Azadeh Safarchi
collection DOAJ
description The healthy gut microbiome is important in maintaining health and preventing various chronic and metabolic diseases through interactions with the host via different gut–organ axes, such as the gut-brain, gut-liver, gut-immune, and gut-lung axes. The human gut microbiome is relatively stable, yet can be influenced by numerous factors, such as diet, infections, chronic diseases, and medications which may disrupt its composition and function. Therefore, microbial resilience is suggested as one of the key characteristics of a healthy gut microbiome in humans. However, our understanding of its definition and indicators remains unclear due to insufficient experimental data. Here, we review the impact of key drivers including intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as diet and antibiotics on the human gut microbiome. Additionally, we discuss the concept of a resilient gut microbiome and highlight potential biomarkers including diversity indices and some bacterial taxa as recovery-associated bacteria, resistance genes, antimicrobial peptides, and functional flexibility. These biomarkers can facilitate the identification and prediction of healthy and resilient microbiomes, particularly in precision medicine, through diagnostic tools or machine learning approaches especially after antimicrobial medications that may cause stable dysbiosis. Furthermore, we review current nutrition intervention strategies to maximize microbial resilience, the challenges in investigating microbiome resilience, and future directions in this field of research.
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publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
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series Frontiers in Microbiology
spelling doaj-art-b9213a1ac45d40e1833aae8bbcc11e492025-08-20T02:46:28ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2025-03-011610.3389/fmicb.2025.15595211559521Understanding dysbiosis and resilience in the human gut microbiome: biomarkers, interventions, and challengesAzadeh Safarchi0Azadeh Safarchi1Ghanyah Al-Qadami2Ghanyah Al-Qadami3Cuong D. Tran4Michael Conlon5Microbiome for One Systems Health FSP, CSIRO, Westmead, NSW, AustraliaHealth and Biosecurity Research Unit, CSIRO, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaMicrobiome for One Systems Health FSP, CSIRO, Westmead, NSW, AustraliaHealth and Biosecurity Research Unit, CSIRO, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaHealth and Biosecurity Research Unit, CSIRO, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaHealth and Biosecurity Research Unit, CSIRO, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaThe healthy gut microbiome is important in maintaining health and preventing various chronic and metabolic diseases through interactions with the host via different gut–organ axes, such as the gut-brain, gut-liver, gut-immune, and gut-lung axes. The human gut microbiome is relatively stable, yet can be influenced by numerous factors, such as diet, infections, chronic diseases, and medications which may disrupt its composition and function. Therefore, microbial resilience is suggested as one of the key characteristics of a healthy gut microbiome in humans. However, our understanding of its definition and indicators remains unclear due to insufficient experimental data. Here, we review the impact of key drivers including intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as diet and antibiotics on the human gut microbiome. Additionally, we discuss the concept of a resilient gut microbiome and highlight potential biomarkers including diversity indices and some bacterial taxa as recovery-associated bacteria, resistance genes, antimicrobial peptides, and functional flexibility. These biomarkers can facilitate the identification and prediction of healthy and resilient microbiomes, particularly in precision medicine, through diagnostic tools or machine learning approaches especially after antimicrobial medications that may cause stable dysbiosis. Furthermore, we review current nutrition intervention strategies to maximize microbial resilience, the challenges in investigating microbiome resilience, and future directions in this field of research.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1559521/fullhuman gut microbiomedysbiosisperturbationantibioticsresilient gut microbiomemicrobiome recovery
spellingShingle Azadeh Safarchi
Azadeh Safarchi
Ghanyah Al-Qadami
Ghanyah Al-Qadami
Cuong D. Tran
Michael Conlon
Understanding dysbiosis and resilience in the human gut microbiome: biomarkers, interventions, and challenges
Frontiers in Microbiology
human gut microbiome
dysbiosis
perturbation
antibiotics
resilient gut microbiome
microbiome recovery
title Understanding dysbiosis and resilience in the human gut microbiome: biomarkers, interventions, and challenges
title_full Understanding dysbiosis and resilience in the human gut microbiome: biomarkers, interventions, and challenges
title_fullStr Understanding dysbiosis and resilience in the human gut microbiome: biomarkers, interventions, and challenges
title_full_unstemmed Understanding dysbiosis and resilience in the human gut microbiome: biomarkers, interventions, and challenges
title_short Understanding dysbiosis and resilience in the human gut microbiome: biomarkers, interventions, and challenges
title_sort understanding dysbiosis and resilience in the human gut microbiome biomarkers interventions and challenges
topic human gut microbiome
dysbiosis
perturbation
antibiotics
resilient gut microbiome
microbiome recovery
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1559521/full
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