Environmental Stability of Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>0.5</sub>Br<sub>0.5</sub> Electrolyte During Lithium Battery Manufacturing and a Simplified Test Protocol

In this study, we investigate the environmental stability of the sulfide-based argyrodite solid electrolyte Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>0</sub>.<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>0</sub>.<sub>5</sub>, a promising candidate for all-solid-...

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Main Authors: Eman Hassan, Siamak Farhad
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Energies
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3391
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author Eman Hassan
Siamak Farhad
author_facet Eman Hassan
Siamak Farhad
author_sort Eman Hassan
collection DOAJ
description In this study, we investigate the environmental stability of the sulfide-based argyrodite solid electrolyte Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>0</sub>.<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>0</sub>.<sub>5</sub>, a promising candidate for all-solid-state lithium batteries due to its high ionic conductivity and favorable mechanical properties. Despite its potential, the material’s sensitivity to ambient air humidity presents challenges for large-scale battery manufacturing. Moisture exposure leads to performance degradation and the release of toxic hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) gas, raising concerns for workplace safety. The objectives of this study are to validate the electrolyte synthesis process, evaluate the effects of air humidity exposure on its reactivity and ionic conductivity, and establish a standardized protocol for assessing environmental stability. We report a synthesis method based on ball milling and heat treatment that achieves an ionic conductivity of 2.11 mS/cm, along with a fundamental study incorporating modeling and formulation approaches to evaluate the electrolyte’s environmental stability. Furthermore, we introduce a simplified testing method for assessing environmental stability, which may serve as a benchmark protocol for the broader class of argyrodite solid electrolytes.
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spelling doaj-art-b90f037a898f4385b9a8a5ca67245e5b2025-08-20T02:35:43ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-06-011813339110.3390/en18133391Environmental Stability of Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>0.5</sub>Br<sub>0.5</sub> Electrolyte During Lithium Battery Manufacturing and a Simplified Test ProtocolEman Hassan0Siamak Farhad1Advanced Energy and Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USADepartment of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USAIn this study, we investigate the environmental stability of the sulfide-based argyrodite solid electrolyte Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>0</sub>.<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>0</sub>.<sub>5</sub>, a promising candidate for all-solid-state lithium batteries due to its high ionic conductivity and favorable mechanical properties. Despite its potential, the material’s sensitivity to ambient air humidity presents challenges for large-scale battery manufacturing. Moisture exposure leads to performance degradation and the release of toxic hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) gas, raising concerns for workplace safety. The objectives of this study are to validate the electrolyte synthesis process, evaluate the effects of air humidity exposure on its reactivity and ionic conductivity, and establish a standardized protocol for assessing environmental stability. We report a synthesis method based on ball milling and heat treatment that achieves an ionic conductivity of 2.11 mS/cm, along with a fundamental study incorporating modeling and formulation approaches to evaluate the electrolyte’s environmental stability. Furthermore, we introduce a simplified testing method for assessing environmental stability, which may serve as a benchmark protocol for the broader class of argyrodite solid electrolytes.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3391argyrodite electrolytesynthesisenvironmental stabilitymanufacturabilitytest protocol
spellingShingle Eman Hassan
Siamak Farhad
Environmental Stability of Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>0.5</sub>Br<sub>0.5</sub> Electrolyte During Lithium Battery Manufacturing and a Simplified Test Protocol
Energies
argyrodite electrolyte
synthesis
environmental stability
manufacturability
test protocol
title Environmental Stability of Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>0.5</sub>Br<sub>0.5</sub> Electrolyte During Lithium Battery Manufacturing and a Simplified Test Protocol
title_full Environmental Stability of Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>0.5</sub>Br<sub>0.5</sub> Electrolyte During Lithium Battery Manufacturing and a Simplified Test Protocol
title_fullStr Environmental Stability of Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>0.5</sub>Br<sub>0.5</sub> Electrolyte During Lithium Battery Manufacturing and a Simplified Test Protocol
title_full_unstemmed Environmental Stability of Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>0.5</sub>Br<sub>0.5</sub> Electrolyte During Lithium Battery Manufacturing and a Simplified Test Protocol
title_short Environmental Stability of Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>0.5</sub>Br<sub>0.5</sub> Electrolyte During Lithium Battery Manufacturing and a Simplified Test Protocol
title_sort environmental stability of li sub 6 sub ps sub 5 sub cl sub 0 5 sub br sub 0 5 sub electrolyte during lithium battery manufacturing and a simplified test protocol
topic argyrodite electrolyte
synthesis
environmental stability
manufacturability
test protocol
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3391
work_keys_str_mv AT emanhassan environmentalstabilityoflisub6subpssub5subclsub05subbrsub05subelectrolyteduringlithiumbatterymanufacturingandasimplifiedtestprotocol
AT siamakfarhad environmentalstabilityoflisub6subpssub5subclsub05subbrsub05subelectrolyteduringlithiumbatterymanufacturingandasimplifiedtestprotocol