High Concordance of E-Nose-Derived Breathprints in a Healthy Population: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Exhaled breath analysis using electronic noses (e-noses) is a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool. However, a lack of standardized protocols limits clinical implementation. This study evaluates the consistency of breathprints in healthy subjects using the Cyranose 320 e-nose to support standardiz...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/8/2610 |
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| Summary: | Exhaled breath analysis using electronic noses (e-noses) is a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool. However, a lack of standardized protocols limits clinical implementation. This study evaluates the consistency of breathprints in healthy subjects using the Cyranose 320 e-nose to support standardization efforts. Breath samples from 139 healthy non-smoking subjects (age range 18–65 years) were collected using a standardized protocol. Participants exhaled into a Tedlar bag for immediate analysis with the Cyranose 320. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce data dimensionality, and K-means clustering grouped subjects based on breathprints. PCA identified four principal components explaining 97.15% of variance. K-means clustering revealed two clusters: 1 outlier and 138 subjects with highly similar breathprints. The median distance from the cluster center was 0.21 (IQR: 0.18–0.24), indicating low variability. Box plots confirmed breathprint consistency across subjects. The high consistency of breathprints in healthy subjects supports the feasibility of standardizing e-nose protocols. These findings highlight the potential of e-noses for clinical diagnostics, warranting further research in diverse populations and disease cohorts. |
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| ISSN: | 1424-8220 |