Power Ultrasound- and Organic Acid-Based Hurdle Technology to Reduce <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> on Whole Apples and Peaches
Fresh produce, such as peaches and apples, are agricultural commodities, making them susceptible to contamination by foodborne pathogens such as <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i>. Traditional methods, such as chlorine washes, have limitations relate...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/10/1744 |
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| author | Bashayer A. Khouja Hina Mathias Mayura Joshi Megan L. Fay Supriya Korade Catherine W. Y. Wong Diana S. Stewart Xinyi Zhou Wei Zhang Joelle K. Salazar |
| author_facet | Bashayer A. Khouja Hina Mathias Mayura Joshi Megan L. Fay Supriya Korade Catherine W. Y. Wong Diana S. Stewart Xinyi Zhou Wei Zhang Joelle K. Salazar |
| author_sort | Bashayer A. Khouja |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fresh produce, such as peaches and apples, are agricultural commodities, making them susceptible to contamination by foodborne pathogens such as <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i>. Traditional methods, such as chlorine washes, have limitations related to antimicrobial efficacy, prompting interest in alternative techniques, such as power ultrasound. This study evaluated the use of power ultrasound, alone and combined with organic acids (citric, lactic, and malic), to reduce pathogen populations on whole apples and peaches. Pathogen cocktails of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> and <i>S. enterica</i> were spot-inoculated on fruit surfaces at an initial population level of 8–9 log CFU/fruit. The fruits were then submerged in water or citric, malic, or lactic acid at concentrations of 1%, 2%, or 5% alone or with power ultrasound treatment at 40 kHz for 2, 5, or 10 min. Results revealed that treatment conditions on apples exhibited significantly greater pathogen reduction than on peaches, likely due to the smoother surface topology on apples compared to the rougher, trichome-covered peach surfaces. Between the two pathogens, <i>L. monocytogenes</i> exhibited significantly greater resistance to treatments, resulting in maximum reductions of approximately 4 log CFU/fruit. In contrast, treatments were more effective against <i>S. enterica,</i> as lactic acid alone reduced <i>S. enterica</i> populations by >6 log CFU/fruit. Malic acid was the second-most effective organic acid against <i>S. enterica, leading to >4 log CFU/fruit reduction.</i> Synergistic antimicrobial effects were observed when organic acids were used in combination with power ultrasound. For instance, an additional reduction of 2–3 log CFU/fruit was achieved for <i>S. enterica</i> compared to the use of organic acid treatments alone. These findings support the use of organic acid and power ultrasound in hurdle as an effective strategy to mitigate foodborne pathogen risks on whole fruits such as apples and peaches. Further research would be helpful to optimize and validate such hurdle treatments for inactivating a broader spectrum of microbial pathogens on diverse produce surfaces. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b838b723f5c84d7fbdb251b5ee21a42d |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj-art-b838b723f5c84d7fbdb251b5ee21a42d2025-08-20T02:33:54ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582025-05-011410174410.3390/foods14101744Power Ultrasound- and Organic Acid-Based Hurdle Technology to Reduce <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> on Whole Apples and PeachesBashayer A. Khouja0Hina Mathias1Mayura Joshi2Megan L. Fay3Supriya Korade4Catherine W. Y. Wong5Diana S. Stewart6Xinyi Zhou7Wei Zhang8Joelle K. Salazar9Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USAIllinois Institute of Technology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USAIllinois Institute of Technology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USADivision of Food Processing Science and Technology, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USAIllinois Institute of Technology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USAIllinois Institute of Technology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USADivision of Food Processing Science and Technology, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USAIllinois Institute of Technology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USAIllinois Institute of Technology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USADivision of Food Processing Science and Technology, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USAFresh produce, such as peaches and apples, are agricultural commodities, making them susceptible to contamination by foodborne pathogens such as <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i>. Traditional methods, such as chlorine washes, have limitations related to antimicrobial efficacy, prompting interest in alternative techniques, such as power ultrasound. This study evaluated the use of power ultrasound, alone and combined with organic acids (citric, lactic, and malic), to reduce pathogen populations on whole apples and peaches. Pathogen cocktails of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> and <i>S. enterica</i> were spot-inoculated on fruit surfaces at an initial population level of 8–9 log CFU/fruit. The fruits were then submerged in water or citric, malic, or lactic acid at concentrations of 1%, 2%, or 5% alone or with power ultrasound treatment at 40 kHz for 2, 5, or 10 min. Results revealed that treatment conditions on apples exhibited significantly greater pathogen reduction than on peaches, likely due to the smoother surface topology on apples compared to the rougher, trichome-covered peach surfaces. Between the two pathogens, <i>L. monocytogenes</i> exhibited significantly greater resistance to treatments, resulting in maximum reductions of approximately 4 log CFU/fruit. In contrast, treatments were more effective against <i>S. enterica,</i> as lactic acid alone reduced <i>S. enterica</i> populations by >6 log CFU/fruit. Malic acid was the second-most effective organic acid against <i>S. enterica, leading to >4 log CFU/fruit reduction.</i> Synergistic antimicrobial effects were observed when organic acids were used in combination with power ultrasound. For instance, an additional reduction of 2–3 log CFU/fruit was achieved for <i>S. enterica</i> compared to the use of organic acid treatments alone. These findings support the use of organic acid and power ultrasound in hurdle as an effective strategy to mitigate foodborne pathogen risks on whole fruits such as apples and peaches. Further research would be helpful to optimize and validate such hurdle treatments for inactivating a broader spectrum of microbial pathogens on diverse produce surfaces.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/10/1744antimicrobialsfruit<i>Listeria</i>power ultrasound<i>Salmonella</i> |
| spellingShingle | Bashayer A. Khouja Hina Mathias Mayura Joshi Megan L. Fay Supriya Korade Catherine W. Y. Wong Diana S. Stewart Xinyi Zhou Wei Zhang Joelle K. Salazar Power Ultrasound- and Organic Acid-Based Hurdle Technology to Reduce <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> on Whole Apples and Peaches Foods antimicrobials fruit <i>Listeria</i> power ultrasound <i>Salmonella</i> |
| title | Power Ultrasound- and Organic Acid-Based Hurdle Technology to Reduce <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> on Whole Apples and Peaches |
| title_full | Power Ultrasound- and Organic Acid-Based Hurdle Technology to Reduce <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> on Whole Apples and Peaches |
| title_fullStr | Power Ultrasound- and Organic Acid-Based Hurdle Technology to Reduce <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> on Whole Apples and Peaches |
| title_full_unstemmed | Power Ultrasound- and Organic Acid-Based Hurdle Technology to Reduce <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> on Whole Apples and Peaches |
| title_short | Power Ultrasound- and Organic Acid-Based Hurdle Technology to Reduce <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> on Whole Apples and Peaches |
| title_sort | power ultrasound and organic acid based hurdle technology to reduce i listeria monocytogenes i and i salmonella enterica i on whole apples and peaches |
| topic | antimicrobials fruit <i>Listeria</i> power ultrasound <i>Salmonella</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/10/1744 |
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