Characteristics of peak ground motions and nonlinear site response during the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake
Abstract The 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake was the largest inland earthquake recorded by dense K-NET and KiK-net strong-motion seismographs in Japan after their establishment in the second half of the 1990s. The earthquake caused the death of hundreds of people and brought heavy damage to bu...
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SpringerOpen
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Earth, Planets and Space |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02212-x |
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| author | Yadab P. Dhakal Takashi Kunugi Hisahiko Kubo Wataru Suzuki Naito Shohei Shigeki Senna Shin Aoi |
| author_facet | Yadab P. Dhakal Takashi Kunugi Hisahiko Kubo Wataru Suzuki Naito Shohei Shigeki Senna Shin Aoi |
| author_sort | Yadab P. Dhakal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake was the largest inland earthquake recorded by dense K-NET and KiK-net strong-motion seismographs in Japan after their establishment in the second half of the 1990s. The earthquake caused the death of hundreds of people and brought heavy damage to buildings and lifeline infrastructures in the region. Extensive ground deformation related to liquefaction occurred, and large amplitude spiky waveforms were recorded at several sites near the liquefied areas. Peak ground accelerations (PGAs) exceeding the acceleration due to gravity and peak ground velocities (PGVs) exceeding 100 cm/s were recorded at several stations within 20 km of the fault-rupture distances. From the viewpoint of mitigating future earthquake disasters, we compared the observed PGAs and PGVs with the most commonly used ground motion prediction equations and found that the PGAs and PGVs were generally typical of crustal earthquakes, reminding us of earthquake vulnerabilities of buildings and infrastructures, in the region. Analysis of nonlinear site responses during strong shakings is crucial for safe and optimized design of engineering structures at soil sites, because soil behavior depends on level of input motions. We examined the features of nonlinear site responses at sixty K-NET and KiK-net sites combined, where PGVs were approximately 10 cm/s or larger, by comparing S-wave spectral ratios between weak motions and those from the Noto Peninsula earthquake. We found that the spectral ratios for the Noto Peninsula earthquake were reduced at higher frequencies over about 3 Hz at several sites, and significant shifts of the predominant frequencies to lower ones were also observed at some of the sites, where relatively higher PGVs were observed. The comparison also indicated that degree of nonlinearity depended on the level of input motions and average S-wave velocity in the upper 30 m (Vs30) of the soil layers, but not at all sites. Plots of PGA and PGV/Vs30 as proxies to stress and strain elicited probable trends of nonlinear behaviors at the soil sites. Graphical Abstract |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b81e748498084316bbf856374a23fe7a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1880-5981 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Earth, Planets and Space |
| spelling | doaj-art-b81e748498084316bbf856374a23fe7a2025-08-20T04:01:23ZengSpringerOpenEarth, Planets and Space1880-59812025-07-0177112610.1186/s40623-025-02212-xCharacteristics of peak ground motions and nonlinear site response during the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquakeYadab P. Dhakal0Takashi Kunugi1Hisahiko Kubo2Wataru Suzuki3Naito Shohei4Shigeki Senna5Shin Aoi6National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster ResilienceNational Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster ResilienceNational Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster ResilienceNational Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster ResilienceNational Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster ResilienceNational Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster ResilienceNational Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster ResilienceAbstract The 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake was the largest inland earthquake recorded by dense K-NET and KiK-net strong-motion seismographs in Japan after their establishment in the second half of the 1990s. The earthquake caused the death of hundreds of people and brought heavy damage to buildings and lifeline infrastructures in the region. Extensive ground deformation related to liquefaction occurred, and large amplitude spiky waveforms were recorded at several sites near the liquefied areas. Peak ground accelerations (PGAs) exceeding the acceleration due to gravity and peak ground velocities (PGVs) exceeding 100 cm/s were recorded at several stations within 20 km of the fault-rupture distances. From the viewpoint of mitigating future earthquake disasters, we compared the observed PGAs and PGVs with the most commonly used ground motion prediction equations and found that the PGAs and PGVs were generally typical of crustal earthquakes, reminding us of earthquake vulnerabilities of buildings and infrastructures, in the region. Analysis of nonlinear site responses during strong shakings is crucial for safe and optimized design of engineering structures at soil sites, because soil behavior depends on level of input motions. We examined the features of nonlinear site responses at sixty K-NET and KiK-net sites combined, where PGVs were approximately 10 cm/s or larger, by comparing S-wave spectral ratios between weak motions and those from the Noto Peninsula earthquake. We found that the spectral ratios for the Noto Peninsula earthquake were reduced at higher frequencies over about 3 Hz at several sites, and significant shifts of the predominant frequencies to lower ones were also observed at some of the sites, where relatively higher PGVs were observed. The comparison also indicated that degree of nonlinearity depended on the level of input motions and average S-wave velocity in the upper 30 m (Vs30) of the soil layers, but not at all sites. Plots of PGA and PGV/Vs30 as proxies to stress and strain elicited probable trends of nonlinear behaviors at the soil sites. Graphical Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02212-xNonlinear site responseDegree of nonlinearityGround motion prediction equationsSpectral ratiosPeak ground accelerationPeak ground velocity |
| spellingShingle | Yadab P. Dhakal Takashi Kunugi Hisahiko Kubo Wataru Suzuki Naito Shohei Shigeki Senna Shin Aoi Characteristics of peak ground motions and nonlinear site response during the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake Earth, Planets and Space Nonlinear site response Degree of nonlinearity Ground motion prediction equations Spectral ratios Peak ground acceleration Peak ground velocity |
| title | Characteristics of peak ground motions and nonlinear site response during the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake |
| title_full | Characteristics of peak ground motions and nonlinear site response during the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake |
| title_fullStr | Characteristics of peak ground motions and nonlinear site response during the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characteristics of peak ground motions and nonlinear site response during the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake |
| title_short | Characteristics of peak ground motions and nonlinear site response during the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake |
| title_sort | characteristics of peak ground motions and nonlinear site response during the 2024 mw 7 5 noto peninsula earthquake |
| topic | Nonlinear site response Degree of nonlinearity Ground motion prediction equations Spectral ratios Peak ground acceleration Peak ground velocity |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02212-x |
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