Non-transferred DC plasma arc method for Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesis
This study presents a new real-time monitoring approach for the non-transferred direct current (NTDC) plasma arc production of Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs). Observations of plasma ignition, ember dispersion, and plasma surface temperature during aluminum feeding demonstrate successful thermal decomposi...
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Results in Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025017529 |
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| author | Imam Sholahuddin Lilis Yuliati Djarot B. Darmadi Rudy Soenoko |
| author_facet | Imam Sholahuddin Lilis Yuliati Djarot B. Darmadi Rudy Soenoko |
| author_sort | Imam Sholahuddin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study presents a new real-time monitoring approach for the non-transferred direct current (NTDC) plasma arc production of Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs). Observations of plasma ignition, ember dispersion, and plasma surface temperature during aluminum feeding demonstrate successful thermal decomposition, driven by substantial energy absorption that enables particle fragmentation and underpins atomization. Spectral emission study verifies the generation of gaseous Al-O, with excitation wavelengths for Al–O formations detected in the 450–550 nm range, surpassing the aluminum emission at 396.1 nm, indicating complete oxidation, corroborated by consistent findings from EDX and XRD investigations. During the feeding process, the emission temperature attains 5640 K, whilst the surface temperature is 503 K, indicating cooling rates exceeding 102 K/s, enabling initial phase estimation. Post-synthesis characterization (SEM and TEM) verifies the effective transformation of spherical Al2O3 NPs (20 to 130 nm). Observed NPs behaviors—such as expansion, shell breakup, internal growth, and electrostatic adhesion—underline the nanoscale atomization pathway. EDX and XRD elemental analyses indicate that the minor presence of Cu (2.07–3.33 %) suggests electrode erosion. The phase fractions obtained from Rietveld refinement calculations reveal the presence of γ-Al2O3 (26.6 %), δ-Al2O3 (60.8 %), and θ-Al2O3 (12.6 %). These variations are attributed to localized temperature gradients that result in a non-uniform cooling surface of the NPs, thereby promoting the formation of these metastable phases. These Al2O3 phases consistently emerge across multiple cycles within a single synthesis round with minor discrepancies, emphasizing the method's potential for reproducible, controlled and scalable nanoparticle production and its possible extension to other metal oxides. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b801dc1fbfae4e0a9256d45ea2dba61b |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2590-1230 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-b801dc1fbfae4e0a9256d45ea2dba61b2025-08-20T02:39:50ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-09-012710568110.1016/j.rineng.2025.105681Non-transferred DC plasma arc method for Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesisImam Sholahuddin0Lilis Yuliati1Djarot B. Darmadi2Rudy Soenoko3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brawijaya University, Jl. M.T. Haryono 167, Malang 65145, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jember University, Jl. Kalimantan 37, Jember 68121, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Brawijaya University, Jl. M.T. Haryono 167, Malang 65145, Indonesia; Corresponding author.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brawijaya University, Jl. M.T. Haryono 167, Malang 65145, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Brawijaya University, Jl. M.T. Haryono 167, Malang 65145, IndonesiaThis study presents a new real-time monitoring approach for the non-transferred direct current (NTDC) plasma arc production of Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs). Observations of plasma ignition, ember dispersion, and plasma surface temperature during aluminum feeding demonstrate successful thermal decomposition, driven by substantial energy absorption that enables particle fragmentation and underpins atomization. Spectral emission study verifies the generation of gaseous Al-O, with excitation wavelengths for Al–O formations detected in the 450–550 nm range, surpassing the aluminum emission at 396.1 nm, indicating complete oxidation, corroborated by consistent findings from EDX and XRD investigations. During the feeding process, the emission temperature attains 5640 K, whilst the surface temperature is 503 K, indicating cooling rates exceeding 102 K/s, enabling initial phase estimation. Post-synthesis characterization (SEM and TEM) verifies the effective transformation of spherical Al2O3 NPs (20 to 130 nm). Observed NPs behaviors—such as expansion, shell breakup, internal growth, and electrostatic adhesion—underline the nanoscale atomization pathway. EDX and XRD elemental analyses indicate that the minor presence of Cu (2.07–3.33 %) suggests electrode erosion. The phase fractions obtained from Rietveld refinement calculations reveal the presence of γ-Al2O3 (26.6 %), δ-Al2O3 (60.8 %), and θ-Al2O3 (12.6 %). These variations are attributed to localized temperature gradients that result in a non-uniform cooling surface of the NPs, thereby promoting the formation of these metastable phases. These Al2O3 phases consistently emerge across multiple cycles within a single synthesis round with minor discrepancies, emphasizing the method's potential for reproducible, controlled and scalable nanoparticle production and its possible extension to other metal oxides.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025017529NTDC plasma arc synthesisIn-situ monitoringAtomizationAl2O3 NPsMetastable phasesReproducibility |
| spellingShingle | Imam Sholahuddin Lilis Yuliati Djarot B. Darmadi Rudy Soenoko Non-transferred DC plasma arc method for Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesis Results in Engineering NTDC plasma arc synthesis In-situ monitoring Atomization Al2O3 NPs Metastable phases Reproducibility |
| title | Non-transferred DC plasma arc method for Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesis |
| title_full | Non-transferred DC plasma arc method for Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesis |
| title_fullStr | Non-transferred DC plasma arc method for Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Non-transferred DC plasma arc method for Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesis |
| title_short | Non-transferred DC plasma arc method for Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesis |
| title_sort | non transferred dc plasma arc method for al2o3 nanoparticles synthesis |
| topic | NTDC plasma arc synthesis In-situ monitoring Atomization Al2O3 NPs Metastable phases Reproducibility |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025017529 |
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