Effects of Precipitation and Fire on Land Surface Phenology in the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado)
In protected areas of the Brazilian savannas (Cerrado), Land Surface Phenology (LSP) is influenced by both precipitation and fire, but the nature of these relationships remains unexplored. Here, we assessed the impacts of precipitation and fire on LSP metrics derived from the Normalized Difference V...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/12/2077 |
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| author | Monique Calderaro da Rocha Santos Lênio Soares Galvão Thales Sehn Korting Grazieli Rodigheri |
| author_facet | Monique Calderaro da Rocha Santos Lênio Soares Galvão Thales Sehn Korting Grazieli Rodigheri |
| author_sort | Monique Calderaro da Rocha Santos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In protected areas of the Brazilian savannas (Cerrado), Land Surface Phenology (LSP) is influenced by both precipitation and fire, but the nature of these relationships remains unexplored. Here, we assessed the impacts of precipitation and fire on LSP metrics derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at Emas National Park (ENP). Using TIMESAT, along with the 250-m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD13Q1 and 30-m Harmonized Landsat Sentinel (HLS) products, we investigated these effects in both grassland and woodland areas. To evaluate the effects of precipitation, we identified the driest and wettest seasonal cycles between 2002 and 2023 and analyzed the relationships between accumulated rainfall during the rainy season and each of the 13 TIMESAT metrics. To assess the effects of fire, three major events were examined: 1 September 2005 (affecting 45% of the park’s area), 12 August 2010 (90%), and 10 July 2021 (21%). The burned grassland area and the subsequent vegetation recovery following the 2021 event were analyzed in detail using a non-burned control site and LSP metrics extracted from the HLS product, covering both pre- and post-disturbance cycles. The results indicated that the metrics most positively correlated to precipitation were Amplitude (AMP), End of Season (EOS), Large and Small Seasonal Integrals (LSI and SSI), and Rate of Increase at the Beginning of the Season (RIBS). The highest correlation coefficients were found in woodland areas, which were less affected by fire disturbance than grassland areas. Similar trends were observed in the behavior of AMP, EOS, and SSI in response to both precipitation and fire, with fire exerting a stronger influence. By decoupling the fire effects from rainfall influence using the control site, we identified Base Level (BL), SSI, EOS, AMP, and Values at the End and Start of the Season (VES and VSS), as the metrics most sensitive to fire and subsequent vegetation recovery in burned areas. The effects of fire were evident for most metrics, both during the disturbance cycle and in the post-fire cycle. Our study underscores the importance of combining MODIS and HLS time series to understand vegetation phenology in the Cerrado. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b7cd75cfad4f4c23814cb989fea61ea4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-b7cd75cfad4f4c23814cb989fea61ea42025-08-20T03:27:39ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-06-011712207710.3390/rs17122077Effects of Precipitation and Fire on Land Surface Phenology in the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado)Monique Calderaro da Rocha Santos0Lênio Soares Galvão1Thales Sehn Korting2Grazieli Rodigheri3Remote Sensing Postgraduate Program (PGSER), Coordination for Education, Research and Outreach (COEPE), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, BrazilRemote Sensing Postgraduate Program (PGSER), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division (DIOTG), Earth Sciences General Coordination (CGCT), Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, BrazilRemote Sensing Postgraduate Program (PGSER), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division (DIOTG), Earth Sciences General Coordination (CGCT), Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, BrazilRemote Sensing Postgraduate Program (PGSER), Coordination for Education, Research and Outreach (COEPE), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos 12227-010, SP, BrazilIn protected areas of the Brazilian savannas (Cerrado), Land Surface Phenology (LSP) is influenced by both precipitation and fire, but the nature of these relationships remains unexplored. Here, we assessed the impacts of precipitation and fire on LSP metrics derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at Emas National Park (ENP). Using TIMESAT, along with the 250-m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD13Q1 and 30-m Harmonized Landsat Sentinel (HLS) products, we investigated these effects in both grassland and woodland areas. To evaluate the effects of precipitation, we identified the driest and wettest seasonal cycles between 2002 and 2023 and analyzed the relationships between accumulated rainfall during the rainy season and each of the 13 TIMESAT metrics. To assess the effects of fire, three major events were examined: 1 September 2005 (affecting 45% of the park’s area), 12 August 2010 (90%), and 10 July 2021 (21%). The burned grassland area and the subsequent vegetation recovery following the 2021 event were analyzed in detail using a non-burned control site and LSP metrics extracted from the HLS product, covering both pre- and post-disturbance cycles. The results indicated that the metrics most positively correlated to precipitation were Amplitude (AMP), End of Season (EOS), Large and Small Seasonal Integrals (LSI and SSI), and Rate of Increase at the Beginning of the Season (RIBS). The highest correlation coefficients were found in woodland areas, which were less affected by fire disturbance than grassland areas. Similar trends were observed in the behavior of AMP, EOS, and SSI in response to both precipitation and fire, with fire exerting a stronger influence. By decoupling the fire effects from rainfall influence using the control site, we identified Base Level (BL), SSI, EOS, AMP, and Values at the End and Start of the Season (VES and VSS), as the metrics most sensitive to fire and subsequent vegetation recovery in burned areas. The effects of fire were evident for most metrics, both during the disturbance cycle and in the post-fire cycle. Our study underscores the importance of combining MODIS and HLS time series to understand vegetation phenology in the Cerrado.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/12/2077Cerradovegetation phenologytime seriesHLSburned areasTIMESAT |
| spellingShingle | Monique Calderaro da Rocha Santos Lênio Soares Galvão Thales Sehn Korting Grazieli Rodigheri Effects of Precipitation and Fire on Land Surface Phenology in the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado) Remote Sensing Cerrado vegetation phenology time series HLS burned areas TIMESAT |
| title | Effects of Precipitation and Fire on Land Surface Phenology in the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado) |
| title_full | Effects of Precipitation and Fire on Land Surface Phenology in the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado) |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Precipitation and Fire on Land Surface Phenology in the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Precipitation and Fire on Land Surface Phenology in the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado) |
| title_short | Effects of Precipitation and Fire on Land Surface Phenology in the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado) |
| title_sort | effects of precipitation and fire on land surface phenology in the brazilian savannas cerrado |
| topic | Cerrado vegetation phenology time series HLS burned areas TIMESAT |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/12/2077 |
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