A Novel Transit Bus Number Identification Approach for Frictionless Fare Collection Using Passenger Location Data

Automated Fare Collection (AFC) systems are essential for advancing public transportation infrastructure. This study introduces a Be-In Be-Out (BIBO) framework that uses smartphone location data to facilitate frictionless fare collection by identifying public bus trips. The framework consists of two...

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Main Authors: Nafise Ghorbankhani, Morteza Adl, Ryan Ahmed, Ali Emadi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Access
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11071701/
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author Nafise Ghorbankhani
Morteza Adl
Ryan Ahmed
Ali Emadi
author_facet Nafise Ghorbankhani
Morteza Adl
Ryan Ahmed
Ali Emadi
author_sort Nafise Ghorbankhani
collection DOAJ
description Automated Fare Collection (AFC) systems are essential for advancing public transportation infrastructure. This study introduces a Be-In Be-Out (BIBO) framework that uses smartphone location data to facilitate frictionless fare collection by identifying public bus trips. The framework consists of two main components: a Travel Mode Detector (TMD), which operates on mobile devices to identify transportation modes and collect location data during transit, and a Journey Recognition Module (JRM), which processes the collected data in the cloud to identify bus trips. By combining GPS and General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) data, the system enables efficient real-time bus trip recognition. The framework incorporates trajectory similarity algorithms such as Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Longest Common Subsequence (LCSS) within the JRM to enhance the accuracy of user-to-bus matching. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, highlighting the superior performance of DTW in accurately identifying transit bus IDs.
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institution Kabale University
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spelling doaj-art-b7cd28a0d7714566a5b3eec2360bdb3f2025-08-20T03:28:59ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-011311654811655510.1109/ACCESS.2025.358617611071701A Novel Transit Bus Number Identification Approach for Frictionless Fare Collection Using Passenger Location DataNafise Ghorbankhani0https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1219-1716Morteza Adl1https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4744-8270Ryan Ahmed2https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5805-2132Ali Emadi3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0676-1455Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, McMaster Automotive Resource Centre (MARC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaMechanical Engineering Department, McMaster Automotive Resource Centre (MARC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaMechanical Engineering Department, McMaster Automotive Resource Centre (MARC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaElectrical and Computer Engineering Department, McMaster Automotive Resource Centre (MARC), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaAutomated Fare Collection (AFC) systems are essential for advancing public transportation infrastructure. This study introduces a Be-In Be-Out (BIBO) framework that uses smartphone location data to facilitate frictionless fare collection by identifying public bus trips. The framework consists of two main components: a Travel Mode Detector (TMD), which operates on mobile devices to identify transportation modes and collect location data during transit, and a Journey Recognition Module (JRM), which processes the collected data in the cloud to identify bus trips. By combining GPS and General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) data, the system enables efficient real-time bus trip recognition. The framework incorporates trajectory similarity algorithms such as Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Longest Common Subsequence (LCSS) within the JRM to enhance the accuracy of user-to-bus matching. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, highlighting the superior performance of DTW in accurately identifying transit bus IDs.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11071701/Fare collectionfrictionless travelGPS datapublic transportationtrajectory similarity
spellingShingle Nafise Ghorbankhani
Morteza Adl
Ryan Ahmed
Ali Emadi
A Novel Transit Bus Number Identification Approach for Frictionless Fare Collection Using Passenger Location Data
IEEE Access
Fare collection
frictionless travel
GPS data
public transportation
trajectory similarity
title A Novel Transit Bus Number Identification Approach for Frictionless Fare Collection Using Passenger Location Data
title_full A Novel Transit Bus Number Identification Approach for Frictionless Fare Collection Using Passenger Location Data
title_fullStr A Novel Transit Bus Number Identification Approach for Frictionless Fare Collection Using Passenger Location Data
title_full_unstemmed A Novel Transit Bus Number Identification Approach for Frictionless Fare Collection Using Passenger Location Data
title_short A Novel Transit Bus Number Identification Approach for Frictionless Fare Collection Using Passenger Location Data
title_sort novel transit bus number identification approach for frictionless fare collection using passenger location data
topic Fare collection
frictionless travel
GPS data
public transportation
trajectory similarity
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11071701/
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