Effect of polar functional groups on the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite
Carbon-based sensors utilize materials like graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to achieve high sensitivity and flexibility. They are ideal for detecting various substances, from gases and chemicals to biological molecules. These sensors are increasingly used in diverse applications such as environ...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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De Gruyter
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Nanotechnology Reviews |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2025-0155 |
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| author | Sa’aya Nurul Syahirah Nasuha Halim Norhana Abdul Norrrahim Mohd Nor Faiz Tajuddin Hairul Anuar Demon Siti Zulaikha Ngah Azmi Ahmad Farid Mohd |
| author_facet | Sa’aya Nurul Syahirah Nasuha Halim Norhana Abdul Norrrahim Mohd Nor Faiz Tajuddin Hairul Anuar Demon Siti Zulaikha Ngah Azmi Ahmad Farid Mohd |
| author_sort | Sa’aya Nurul Syahirah Nasuha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carbon-based sensors utilize materials like graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to achieve high sensitivity and flexibility. They are ideal for detecting various substances, from gases and chemicals to biological molecules. These sensors are increasingly used in diverse applications such as environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, wearable devices, and industrial safety. Over the years, CNT-based sensors have offered exceptional conductivity and mechanical properties but have been hindered by humidity, affecting the performance of electrical measurements. Consequently, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of various polar functional groups (e.g., –OH, –COOH, –F, and –NH2) on the wettability of CNT nanocomposites, employing bacterial cellulose (BC) as a binder. Upon the synthesis of CNT/BC (BXC) and functionalized BXC (BXC-OH, BXC-COOH, BXC-F, and BXC-NH2), their chemical structural and optical properties were studied by UV-Visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. Crucially, the wettability behavior of nanocomposites was evaluated using water by measuring the liquid contact angles with a goniometer. The analysis revealed the influence of polar functional groups on the properties of the functionalized BXC nanocomposites. In addition to color changes during sheet fabrication, defects in the nanocomposite caused diameter changes (ΔD) ranging from approximately 26 to 60%, affecting the reflectance intensity (ΔI
r) by 32–95%. While different functionalized BXC nanocomposites exhibit varying OH-group characteristics in their FTIR spectra, Raman spectroscopy data demonstrate that BXC-OH has the lowest I
D/I
G ratio, indicating defect levels around 0.80. Notably, the functionalized BXC nanocomposites exhibited hydrophilic properties and showed a distinct difference in contact angle (45.01°–74.57°) and spreading speed compared to BXC (97.98°) when liquid droplets were introduced. However, BXC-OH exhibited a unique behavior compared to the other functionalized BXC nanocomposites. Its dynamic contact angle (DCA) measurements showed that the adhesion force between the water and the nanocomposite surface remained constant over time. This suggests a weaker interaction, which contrasts with the varying hydrophilic properties observed in the other functionalized BXC materials. Hence, investigating DCA enhances the development of CNT-based sensors by effectively addressing humidity-related issues, thereby improving the performance of application technologies, especially in electrochemical sensors, filtration systems, and water-repellent coatings. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b791ed1b00d94ef0bbe2c75259ab0d30 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2191-9097 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | De Gruyter |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanotechnology Reviews |
| spelling | doaj-art-b791ed1b00d94ef0bbe2c75259ab0d302025-08-20T03:52:16ZengDe GruyterNanotechnology Reviews2191-90972025-04-011412997300610.1515/ntrev-2025-0155Effect of polar functional groups on the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes-bacterial cellulose nanocompositeSa’aya Nurul Syahirah Nasuha0Halim Norhana Abdul1Norrrahim Mohd Nor Faiz2Tajuddin Hairul Anuar3Demon Siti Zulaikha Ngah4Azmi Ahmad Farid Mohd5Faculty for Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, MalaysiaCentre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, MalaysiaResearch Centre for Chemical Defence, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, MalaysiaCentre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, MalaysiaCentre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, MalaysiaCarbon-based sensors utilize materials like graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to achieve high sensitivity and flexibility. They are ideal for detecting various substances, from gases and chemicals to biological molecules. These sensors are increasingly used in diverse applications such as environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, wearable devices, and industrial safety. Over the years, CNT-based sensors have offered exceptional conductivity and mechanical properties but have been hindered by humidity, affecting the performance of electrical measurements. Consequently, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of various polar functional groups (e.g., –OH, –COOH, –F, and –NH2) on the wettability of CNT nanocomposites, employing bacterial cellulose (BC) as a binder. Upon the synthesis of CNT/BC (BXC) and functionalized BXC (BXC-OH, BXC-COOH, BXC-F, and BXC-NH2), their chemical structural and optical properties were studied by UV-Visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. Crucially, the wettability behavior of nanocomposites was evaluated using water by measuring the liquid contact angles with a goniometer. The analysis revealed the influence of polar functional groups on the properties of the functionalized BXC nanocomposites. In addition to color changes during sheet fabrication, defects in the nanocomposite caused diameter changes (ΔD) ranging from approximately 26 to 60%, affecting the reflectance intensity (ΔI r) by 32–95%. While different functionalized BXC nanocomposites exhibit varying OH-group characteristics in their FTIR spectra, Raman spectroscopy data demonstrate that BXC-OH has the lowest I D/I G ratio, indicating defect levels around 0.80. Notably, the functionalized BXC nanocomposites exhibited hydrophilic properties and showed a distinct difference in contact angle (45.01°–74.57°) and spreading speed compared to BXC (97.98°) when liquid droplets were introduced. However, BXC-OH exhibited a unique behavior compared to the other functionalized BXC nanocomposites. Its dynamic contact angle (DCA) measurements showed that the adhesion force between the water and the nanocomposite surface remained constant over time. This suggests a weaker interaction, which contrasts with the varying hydrophilic properties observed in the other functionalized BXC materials. Hence, investigating DCA enhances the development of CNT-based sensors by effectively addressing humidity-related issues, thereby improving the performance of application technologies, especially in electrochemical sensors, filtration systems, and water-repellent coatings.https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2025-0155 |
| spellingShingle | Sa’aya Nurul Syahirah Nasuha Halim Norhana Abdul Norrrahim Mohd Nor Faiz Tajuddin Hairul Anuar Demon Siti Zulaikha Ngah Azmi Ahmad Farid Mohd Effect of polar functional groups on the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite Nanotechnology Reviews |
| title | Effect of polar functional groups on the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite |
| title_full | Effect of polar functional groups on the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite |
| title_fullStr | Effect of polar functional groups on the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of polar functional groups on the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite |
| title_short | Effect of polar functional groups on the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite |
| title_sort | effect of polar functional groups on the hydrophobicity of carbon nanotubes bacterial cellulose nanocomposite |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2025-0155 |
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