The Impact of Puberty Timing on Future Metabolic and Hormonal Disorder Risk

Introduction and Objectives: Puberty is occurring earlier across populations, raising concerns about long-term health effects. Early onset—marked by younger age at menarche in girls or early voice change in boys—has been linked to adverse metabolic outcomes, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM...

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Main Authors: Agnieszka Buliszak, Monika Babczyńska, Piotr Marcjasz, Anna Bioły, Patryk Dryja, Agata Boczar, Ewa Chodkowska, Kinga Bielas
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 2025-06-01
Series:Quality in Sport
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Online Access:https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/60439
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author Agnieszka Buliszak
Monika Babczyńska
Piotr Marcjasz
Anna Bioły
Patryk Dryja
Agata Boczar
Ewa Chodkowska
Kinga Bielas
author_facet Agnieszka Buliszak
Monika Babczyńska
Piotr Marcjasz
Anna Bioły
Patryk Dryja
Agata Boczar
Ewa Chodkowska
Kinga Bielas
author_sort Agnieszka Buliszak
collection DOAJ
description Introduction and Objectives: Puberty is occurring earlier across populations, raising concerns about long-term health effects. Early onset—marked by younger age at menarche in girls or early voice change in boys—has been linked to adverse metabolic outcomes, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [1]. This review explores how pubertal timing influences the risk of metabolic and hormonal disorders, focusing on T2DM. Brief Literature Review: Earlier puberty correlates with higher risks of obesity, insulin resistance, and T2DM [1]. Each one-year delay in menarche reduces T2DM risk by ~9%, independent of adult adiposity [2]. Girls with menarche ≤11 years and boys with early voice breaking show elevated T2DM odds [2]. Early puberty is also associated with higher adult BMI, gestational diabetes, and PCOS [1,13]. Mechanisms include childhood obesity, insulin resistance during puberty, and hormonal shifts [14]. Some effects persist beyond body weight influences [5,6]. Conclusions: Early puberty is a marker—and possibly a mediator—of increased T2DM and hormonal disorder risk [1,2]. Pubertal timing may independently impact long-term health. Identifying at-risk youth could support early interventions. Further research should explore causal pathways and prevention strategies.
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spelling doaj-art-b77132cd508f4fff9c50cbec4e66ba2f2025-08-20T02:02:10ZengNicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńQuality in Sport2450-31182025-06-014210.12775/QS.2025.42.60439The Impact of Puberty Timing on Future Metabolic and Hormonal Disorder RiskAgnieszka Buliszak0https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2434-4775Monika Babczyńska1https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8430-5838Piotr Marcjasz2https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8247-5200Anna Bioły 3https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2246-3537Patryk Dryja4https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4276-474XAgata Boczar5https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3754-598XEwa Chodkowska6https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1032-9248Kinga Bielas7https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7151-9420Medical University of Silesia: Katowice, Silesia, PLMedical University of Silesia, Ul. Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, PolandMedical University of Silesia, Ul. Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland Medical University of Silesia, Ul. Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland Opole University Hospital, al. W. Witosa 26 45-401 Opole, Poland Wrocław University Hospital, Ul. Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław Medical University of Silesia, Ul. Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice,Medical University of Silesia, Ul. Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland Introduction and Objectives: Puberty is occurring earlier across populations, raising concerns about long-term health effects. Early onset—marked by younger age at menarche in girls or early voice change in boys—has been linked to adverse metabolic outcomes, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [1]. This review explores how pubertal timing influences the risk of metabolic and hormonal disorders, focusing on T2DM. Brief Literature Review: Earlier puberty correlates with higher risks of obesity, insulin resistance, and T2DM [1]. Each one-year delay in menarche reduces T2DM risk by ~9%, independent of adult adiposity [2]. Girls with menarche ≤11 years and boys with early voice breaking show elevated T2DM odds [2]. Early puberty is also associated with higher adult BMI, gestational diabetes, and PCOS [1,13]. Mechanisms include childhood obesity, insulin resistance during puberty, and hormonal shifts [14]. Some effects persist beyond body weight influences [5,6]. Conclusions: Early puberty is a marker—and possibly a mediator—of increased T2DM and hormonal disorder risk [1,2]. Pubertal timing may independently impact long-term health. Identifying at-risk youth could support early interventions. Further research should explore causal pathways and prevention strategies. https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/60439puberty timingmenarchetype 2 diabetesmetabolic riskinsulin resistancepolycystic ovary syndrome
spellingShingle Agnieszka Buliszak
Monika Babczyńska
Piotr Marcjasz
Anna Bioły
Patryk Dryja
Agata Boczar
Ewa Chodkowska
Kinga Bielas
The Impact of Puberty Timing on Future Metabolic and Hormonal Disorder Risk
Quality in Sport
puberty timing
menarche
type 2 diabetes
metabolic risk
insulin resistance
polycystic ovary syndrome
title The Impact of Puberty Timing on Future Metabolic and Hormonal Disorder Risk
title_full The Impact of Puberty Timing on Future Metabolic and Hormonal Disorder Risk
title_fullStr The Impact of Puberty Timing on Future Metabolic and Hormonal Disorder Risk
title_full_unstemmed The Impact of Puberty Timing on Future Metabolic and Hormonal Disorder Risk
title_short The Impact of Puberty Timing on Future Metabolic and Hormonal Disorder Risk
title_sort impact of puberty timing on future metabolic and hormonal disorder risk
topic puberty timing
menarche
type 2 diabetes
metabolic risk
insulin resistance
polycystic ovary syndrome
url https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/60439
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