‘Empty signifier’: The concept of ‘populism’ in the contemporary mainstream political science

The paper aims to clarify the origins of contemporary populism, as well as to outline the prospects for further research on this matter. The author examines this phenomenon within the framework of the dominant mainstream in political science. The latter imply the totality of approaches to conceptual...

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Main Author: L. G. Fishman
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Moscow University Press 2021-07-01
Series:Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV: Международные отношения и мировая политика
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Online Access:https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/101
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author L. G. Fishman
author_facet L. G. Fishman
author_sort L. G. Fishman
collection DOAJ
description The paper aims to clarify the origins of contemporary populism, as well as to outline the prospects for further research on this matter. The author examines this phenomenon within the framework of the dominant mainstream in political science. The latter imply the totality of approaches to conceptualization of the key modern social, economic, political and cultural issues. The author advances a hypothesis that both the extreme diversity of the views regarding the nature of populism and the impossibility to develop an all-encompassing defi nition of this paradoxical phenomenon directly stem from the characteristic features of this dominant discourse. The paper shows that this discourse emerged from the overlapping narratives of transition, modernization, free market, unlimited economic growth and ‘the end of history’ and establishes an hierarchy of global knowledge based on three principles: Western dominance, capitalism and liberalism. The author emphasizes that within this theoretical framework non-Western populism is portrayed as a relatively progressive phenomenon, as a means and an indicator of progress towards capitalism and democracy. In this case populism is interpreted as an element of transition to a ‘proper’ Modernity. However, identical political movements, practices and rhetoric of the Western populists are usually portrayed as a deviation from the norm, from Modernity in general and the ideals of liberal democracy in particular. Meanwhile, the paper argues that as Western liberal democracies transform into ‘conciliatory democracies’ (‘oligarchies’) and increasingly resemble ‘defective democracies’, they themselves start to deviate from the normative ideal, just as any regime they label ‘populist’. Therefore, the existing concepts of populism signify not only a certain deviation from the ideal but also the birth of a new reality which cannot be conceptualized within the framework of the contemporary mainstream political science. The concept of populism appears as an ‘empty signifier’ and as a collective term for all inconvenient and troubling social-political phenomena that mainstream political scientists are unable or unwilling to explain.
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spelling doaj-art-b727d53c86c24e3b95e66f5dce2307072025-02-02T11:10:31ZengMoscow University PressВестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV: Международные отношения и мировая политика2076-74042021-07-01132133210.48015/2076-7404-2021-13-2-13-32100‘Empty signifier’: The concept of ‘populism’ in the contemporary mainstream political scienceL. G. Fishman0Institute of Philosophy and Law Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesThe paper aims to clarify the origins of contemporary populism, as well as to outline the prospects for further research on this matter. The author examines this phenomenon within the framework of the dominant mainstream in political science. The latter imply the totality of approaches to conceptualization of the key modern social, economic, political and cultural issues. The author advances a hypothesis that both the extreme diversity of the views regarding the nature of populism and the impossibility to develop an all-encompassing defi nition of this paradoxical phenomenon directly stem from the characteristic features of this dominant discourse. The paper shows that this discourse emerged from the overlapping narratives of transition, modernization, free market, unlimited economic growth and ‘the end of history’ and establishes an hierarchy of global knowledge based on three principles: Western dominance, capitalism and liberalism. The author emphasizes that within this theoretical framework non-Western populism is portrayed as a relatively progressive phenomenon, as a means and an indicator of progress towards capitalism and democracy. In this case populism is interpreted as an element of transition to a ‘proper’ Modernity. However, identical political movements, practices and rhetoric of the Western populists are usually portrayed as a deviation from the norm, from Modernity in general and the ideals of liberal democracy in particular. Meanwhile, the paper argues that as Western liberal democracies transform into ‘conciliatory democracies’ (‘oligarchies’) and increasingly resemble ‘defective democracies’, they themselves start to deviate from the normative ideal, just as any regime they label ‘populist’. Therefore, the existing concepts of populism signify not only a certain deviation from the ideal but also the birth of a new reality which cannot be conceptualized within the framework of the contemporary mainstream political science. The concept of populism appears as an ‘empty signifier’ and as a collective term for all inconvenient and troubling social-political phenomena that mainstream political scientists are unable or unwilling to explain.https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/101populismmainstream political sciencemodernityliberal democracydefective democracyoligarchyconciliatory democracyneoliberalism
spellingShingle L. G. Fishman
‘Empty signifier’: The concept of ‘populism’ in the contemporary mainstream political science
Вестник Московского Университета. Серия XXV: Международные отношения и мировая политика
populism
mainstream political science
modernity
liberal democracy
defective democracy
oligarchy
conciliatory democracy
neoliberalism
title ‘Empty signifier’: The concept of ‘populism’ in the contemporary mainstream political science
title_full ‘Empty signifier’: The concept of ‘populism’ in the contemporary mainstream political science
title_fullStr ‘Empty signifier’: The concept of ‘populism’ in the contemporary mainstream political science
title_full_unstemmed ‘Empty signifier’: The concept of ‘populism’ in the contemporary mainstream political science
title_short ‘Empty signifier’: The concept of ‘populism’ in the contemporary mainstream political science
title_sort empty signifier the concept of populism in the contemporary mainstream political science
topic populism
mainstream political science
modernity
liberal democracy
defective democracy
oligarchy
conciliatory democracy
neoliberalism
url https://fmp.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/101
work_keys_str_mv AT lgfishman emptysignifiertheconceptofpopulisminthecontemporarymainstreampoliticalscience