Cooperative Interplay Between PGPR and <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> Reprograms the Rhizosphere Microecology for Improved Saline Alkaline Stress Resilience in Rice Seedlings
Soil salinization has become a major obstacle to global agricultural sustainability. While microbial inoculants show promise for remediation, the functional coordination between <i>Trichoderma</i> and PGPR in saline alkali rhizospheres requires systematic investigation. Pot studies demon...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Junjie Song Xueting Guan Lili Chen Zhouqing Han Haojun Cui Shurong Ma |
| author_facet | Junjie Song Xueting Guan Lili Chen Zhouqing Han Haojun Cui Shurong Ma |
| author_sort | Junjie Song |
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| description | Soil salinization has become a major obstacle to global agricultural sustainability. While microbial inoculants show promise for remediation, the functional coordination between <i>Trichoderma</i> and PGPR in saline alkali rhizospheres requires systematic investigation. Pot studies demonstrated that while individual inoculations of <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> (M) or <i>Bacillus aryabhattai</i> (A2) moderately improved rice growth and soil properties, their co-inoculation (A2 + M) synergistically enhanced stress tolerance and nutrient availability—increasing available nitrogen (AN +28.02%), phosphorus (AP +11.55%), and potassium (AK +8.26%) more than either strain alone, while more effectively mitigating salinity (EC −5.54%) and alkalinity (pH −0.13 units). High-throughput sequencing further revealed that the A2 + M treatment reshaped the rhizosphere microbiome, uniquely enriching beneficial taxa (e.g., Actinomycetota [+9.68%], Ascomycota [+50.58%], Chytridiomycota [+152.43%]), and plant-growth-promoting genera (e.g., <i>Sphingomonas</i>, <i>Trichoderma</i>), while drastically reducing saline-alkali-adapted Basidiomycota (−87.96%). Further analysis identified soil organic matter (SOM), AN, and AP as key drivers for the enrichment of Chytridiomycota and Actinomycetota, whereas pH and EC showed positive correlations with Mortierellomycota, Aphelidiomycota, unclassified_k__Fungi, and Basidiomycota. Collectively, the co-inoculation of <i>Trichoderma</i> and PGPR strains enhanced soil microbiome structure and mitigated saline alkali stress in rice seedlings. These findings demonstrate the potential of microbial consortia as an effective bio-strategy for saline alkali soil amelioration. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-b712d86e46c348e18c7b7e00f042d7562025-08-20T03:35:28ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-07-01137156210.3390/microorganisms13071562Cooperative Interplay Between PGPR and <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> Reprograms the Rhizosphere Microecology for Improved Saline Alkaline Stress Resilience in Rice SeedlingsJunjie Song0Xueting Guan1Lili Chen2Zhouqing Han3Haojun Cui4Shurong Ma5Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaSoil salinization has become a major obstacle to global agricultural sustainability. While microbial inoculants show promise for remediation, the functional coordination between <i>Trichoderma</i> and PGPR in saline alkali rhizospheres requires systematic investigation. Pot studies demonstrated that while individual inoculations of <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> (M) or <i>Bacillus aryabhattai</i> (A2) moderately improved rice growth and soil properties, their co-inoculation (A2 + M) synergistically enhanced stress tolerance and nutrient availability—increasing available nitrogen (AN +28.02%), phosphorus (AP +11.55%), and potassium (AK +8.26%) more than either strain alone, while more effectively mitigating salinity (EC −5.54%) and alkalinity (pH −0.13 units). High-throughput sequencing further revealed that the A2 + M treatment reshaped the rhizosphere microbiome, uniquely enriching beneficial taxa (e.g., Actinomycetota [+9.68%], Ascomycota [+50.58%], Chytridiomycota [+152.43%]), and plant-growth-promoting genera (e.g., <i>Sphingomonas</i>, <i>Trichoderma</i>), while drastically reducing saline-alkali-adapted Basidiomycota (−87.96%). Further analysis identified soil organic matter (SOM), AN, and AP as key drivers for the enrichment of Chytridiomycota and Actinomycetota, whereas pH and EC showed positive correlations with Mortierellomycota, Aphelidiomycota, unclassified_k__Fungi, and Basidiomycota. Collectively, the co-inoculation of <i>Trichoderma</i> and PGPR strains enhanced soil microbiome structure and mitigated saline alkali stress in rice seedlings. These findings demonstrate the potential of microbial consortia as an effective bio-strategy for saline alkali soil amelioration.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/7/1562saline alkali soil ameliorationPGPR<i>Trichoderma</i>-rhizobacteria synergyrice growth promotionsoil microecology |
| spellingShingle | Junjie Song Xueting Guan Lili Chen Zhouqing Han Haojun Cui Shurong Ma Cooperative Interplay Between PGPR and <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> Reprograms the Rhizosphere Microecology for Improved Saline Alkaline Stress Resilience in Rice Seedlings Microorganisms saline alkali soil amelioration PGPR <i>Trichoderma</i>-rhizobacteria synergy rice growth promotion soil microecology |
| title | Cooperative Interplay Between PGPR and <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> Reprograms the Rhizosphere Microecology for Improved Saline Alkaline Stress Resilience in Rice Seedlings |
| title_full | Cooperative Interplay Between PGPR and <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> Reprograms the Rhizosphere Microecology for Improved Saline Alkaline Stress Resilience in Rice Seedlings |
| title_fullStr | Cooperative Interplay Between PGPR and <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> Reprograms the Rhizosphere Microecology for Improved Saline Alkaline Stress Resilience in Rice Seedlings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cooperative Interplay Between PGPR and <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> Reprograms the Rhizosphere Microecology for Improved Saline Alkaline Stress Resilience in Rice Seedlings |
| title_short | Cooperative Interplay Between PGPR and <i>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i> Reprograms the Rhizosphere Microecology for Improved Saline Alkaline Stress Resilience in Rice Seedlings |
| title_sort | cooperative interplay between pgpr and i trichoderma longibrachiatum i reprograms the rhizosphere microecology for improved saline alkaline stress resilience in rice seedlings |
| topic | saline alkali soil amelioration PGPR <i>Trichoderma</i>-rhizobacteria synergy rice growth promotion soil microecology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/7/1562 |
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