Cardano shared send transactions untangling in numbers
In this paper, we analyze shared send mixers (SSMs) within Cardano's extended unspent transaction output (EUTXO) model, presenting significant contributions to the understanding of UTXO-based blockchains. Firstly, we define the EUTXO SSM untangling problem and propose an algorithm to address it...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Blockchain: Research and Applications |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720924000824 |
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| author | Mostafa Chegenizadeh Nickolay Larionov Sina Rafati Niya Yury Yanovich Claudio J. Tessone |
| author_facet | Mostafa Chegenizadeh Nickolay Larionov Sina Rafati Niya Yury Yanovich Claudio J. Tessone |
| author_sort | Mostafa Chegenizadeh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, we analyze shared send mixers (SSMs) within Cardano's extended unspent transaction output (EUTXO) model, presenting significant contributions to the understanding of UTXO-based blockchains. Firstly, we define the EUTXO SSM untangling problem and propose an algorithm to address it, along with providing an open-source implementation of the solution. Utilizing real transaction examples, we formulate and solve this problem in a systematic manner, shedding light on the intricacies of coin circulation within the Cardano blockchain. Through our analysis, we reveal some insights into the usage of SSMs, including statistics on their frequency and effectiveness in untangling transactions. With this method, our findings show that 11% of transactions seem to involve SSMs, 83% of which enable unique untangling. Moreover, we discuss the potential application of our algorithm in enhancing the address clustering results of transaction-level heuristics. Overall, our work contributes to a deeper understanding of transactional dynamics within UTXO cryptocurrencies, particularly within the context of Cardano's EUTXO model. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b709bbf7448d48e8b79499349fe2a857 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2666-9536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Blockchain: Research and Applications |
| spelling | doaj-art-b709bbf7448d48e8b79499349fe2a8572025-08-20T03:24:03ZengElsevierBlockchain: Research and Applications2666-95362025-06-016210026910.1016/j.bcra.2024.100269Cardano shared send transactions untangling in numbersMostafa Chegenizadeh0Nickolay Larionov1Sina Rafati Niya2Yury Yanovich3Claudio J. Tessone4Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland; Corresponding author.Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Oblast 141701, RussiaDepartment of Informatics, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland; UZH Blockchain Center, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, SwitzerlandSkolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia; Faculty of Computer Science, HSE University, Moscow 109028, RussiaDepartment of Informatics, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, Switzerland; UZH Blockchain Center, University of Zurich, Zürich 8050, SwitzerlandIn this paper, we analyze shared send mixers (SSMs) within Cardano's extended unspent transaction output (EUTXO) model, presenting significant contributions to the understanding of UTXO-based blockchains. Firstly, we define the EUTXO SSM untangling problem and propose an algorithm to address it, along with providing an open-source implementation of the solution. Utilizing real transaction examples, we formulate and solve this problem in a systematic manner, shedding light on the intricacies of coin circulation within the Cardano blockchain. Through our analysis, we reveal some insights into the usage of SSMs, including statistics on their frequency and effectiveness in untangling transactions. With this method, our findings show that 11% of transactions seem to involve SSMs, 83% of which enable unique untangling. Moreover, we discuss the potential application of our algorithm in enhancing the address clustering results of transaction-level heuristics. Overall, our work contributes to a deeper understanding of transactional dynamics within UTXO cryptocurrencies, particularly within the context of Cardano's EUTXO model.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720924000824Shared send mixerExtended UTXOCardanoBlockchain analyticsTransaction analysis |
| spellingShingle | Mostafa Chegenizadeh Nickolay Larionov Sina Rafati Niya Yury Yanovich Claudio J. Tessone Cardano shared send transactions untangling in numbers Blockchain: Research and Applications Shared send mixer Extended UTXO Cardano Blockchain analytics Transaction analysis |
| title | Cardano shared send transactions untangling in numbers |
| title_full | Cardano shared send transactions untangling in numbers |
| title_fullStr | Cardano shared send transactions untangling in numbers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cardano shared send transactions untangling in numbers |
| title_short | Cardano shared send transactions untangling in numbers |
| title_sort | cardano shared send transactions untangling in numbers |
| topic | Shared send mixer Extended UTXO Cardano Blockchain analytics Transaction analysis |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2096720924000824 |
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