Accuracy and precision analyses of single-time-point dosimetry utilising physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling and non-linear mixed-effects modelling

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and precision of single-time-point (STP) dosimetry using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with non-linear mixed-effects modelling (NLMEM). Methods Biokinetic data of [111In]In-DOTA-TATE in tumours, kidneys, li...

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Main Authors: Indra Budiansah, Deni Hardiansyah, Ade Riana, Supriyanto Ardjo Pawiro, Ambros J. Beer, Gerhard Glatting
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-03-01
Series:EJNMMI Physics
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40658-025-00726-7
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author Indra Budiansah
Deni Hardiansyah
Ade Riana
Supriyanto Ardjo Pawiro
Ambros J. Beer
Gerhard Glatting
author_facet Indra Budiansah
Deni Hardiansyah
Ade Riana
Supriyanto Ardjo Pawiro
Ambros J. Beer
Gerhard Glatting
author_sort Indra Budiansah
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and precision of single-time-point (STP) dosimetry using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with non-linear mixed-effects modelling (NLMEM). Methods Biokinetic data of [111In]In-DOTA-TATE in tumours, kidneys, liver, spleen, and whole body were collected from eight patients. The imaging was performed using planar scintigraphy at 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h after injection. Serum activity concentration was quantified at 5 and 15 min; 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h; and 1, 2, and 3 d after injection. The PBPK model was fitted to the biokinetic data using NONMEM software version 7.5.1. Goodness-of-fit (GoF) criteria were visual inspection of the biokinetic curves, relative standard errors (RSEs) of the fitted parameters < 50%, and the absolute values of the off-diagonal elements in the correlation matrix < 0.8. All-time-point (ATP) fitting was performed, and the obtained absorbed doses (ADs) were used as reference (rADs). The leave-one-out Jackknife method was applied to calculate STP ADs (sADs). The accuracy of STP dosimetry was evaluated using the relative deviation between sADs and rADs. The time point, which resulted in the smallest root-mean-square error (RMSE), was selected as the optimal time point for STP dosimetry. The precision of the AD was calculated as ratio of AD RSE and AD values. Results The ATP fitting was adequate based on the GoF test. STP dosimetry at 48 h after injection provided an acceptable estimation of ADs, yielding the lowest RMSE values for the kidney and tumour, calculated as (7 ± 2)% and (14 ± 4)%, respectively. The ADs in STP dosimetry showed lower precision than in ATP dosimetry. For instance, the ADs precision in ATP and STP dosimetry for kidneys in term median[min, max] were 3[3, 3]% and 6[5, 6]%, respectively. Similar results were found for the tumours where the precision of the ADs in ATP and STP dosimetry were 4[4, 5]% and 9[8, 12] %, respectively. Conclusion STP dosimetry exhibits acceptable accuracy, although it shows a decrease in precision compared to ATP fitting. Precision information is clinically relevant for developing the optimal strategies for simplified dosimetry protocols.
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spelling doaj-art-b6ec849285014c5faeb2f06b89bbc9002025-08-20T02:48:57ZengSpringerOpenEJNMMI Physics2197-73642025-03-0112111510.1186/s40658-025-00726-7Accuracy and precision analyses of single-time-point dosimetry utilising physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling and non-linear mixed-effects modellingIndra Budiansah0Deni Hardiansyah1Ade Riana2Supriyanto Ardjo Pawiro3Ambros J. Beer4Gerhard Glatting5Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Medical Physics and Biophysics Division, Physics Department, Universitas IndonesiaMedical Radiation Physics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulm UniversityFaculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Medical Physics and Biophysics Division, Physics Department, Universitas IndonesiaFaculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Medical Physics and Biophysics Division, Physics Department, Universitas IndonesiaDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Ulm UniversityMedical Radiation Physics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulm UniversityAbstract Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and precision of single-time-point (STP) dosimetry using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with non-linear mixed-effects modelling (NLMEM). Methods Biokinetic data of [111In]In-DOTA-TATE in tumours, kidneys, liver, spleen, and whole body were collected from eight patients. The imaging was performed using planar scintigraphy at 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h after injection. Serum activity concentration was quantified at 5 and 15 min; 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h; and 1, 2, and 3 d after injection. The PBPK model was fitted to the biokinetic data using NONMEM software version 7.5.1. Goodness-of-fit (GoF) criteria were visual inspection of the biokinetic curves, relative standard errors (RSEs) of the fitted parameters < 50%, and the absolute values of the off-diagonal elements in the correlation matrix < 0.8. All-time-point (ATP) fitting was performed, and the obtained absorbed doses (ADs) were used as reference (rADs). The leave-one-out Jackknife method was applied to calculate STP ADs (sADs). The accuracy of STP dosimetry was evaluated using the relative deviation between sADs and rADs. The time point, which resulted in the smallest root-mean-square error (RMSE), was selected as the optimal time point for STP dosimetry. The precision of the AD was calculated as ratio of AD RSE and AD values. Results The ATP fitting was adequate based on the GoF test. STP dosimetry at 48 h after injection provided an acceptable estimation of ADs, yielding the lowest RMSE values for the kidney and tumour, calculated as (7 ± 2)% and (14 ± 4)%, respectively. The ADs in STP dosimetry showed lower precision than in ATP dosimetry. For instance, the ADs precision in ATP and STP dosimetry for kidneys in term median[min, max] were 3[3, 3]% and 6[5, 6]%, respectively. Similar results were found for the tumours where the precision of the ADs in ATP and STP dosimetry were 4[4, 5]% and 9[8, 12] %, respectively. Conclusion STP dosimetry exhibits acceptable accuracy, although it shows a decrease in precision compared to ATP fitting. Precision information is clinically relevant for developing the optimal strategies for simplified dosimetry protocols.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40658-025-00726-7PBPKNLMEMSTPAccuracyPrecision
spellingShingle Indra Budiansah
Deni Hardiansyah
Ade Riana
Supriyanto Ardjo Pawiro
Ambros J. Beer
Gerhard Glatting
Accuracy and precision analyses of single-time-point dosimetry utilising physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling and non-linear mixed-effects modelling
EJNMMI Physics
PBPK
NLMEM
STP
Accuracy
Precision
title Accuracy and precision analyses of single-time-point dosimetry utilising physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling and non-linear mixed-effects modelling
title_full Accuracy and precision analyses of single-time-point dosimetry utilising physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling and non-linear mixed-effects modelling
title_fullStr Accuracy and precision analyses of single-time-point dosimetry utilising physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling and non-linear mixed-effects modelling
title_full_unstemmed Accuracy and precision analyses of single-time-point dosimetry utilising physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling and non-linear mixed-effects modelling
title_short Accuracy and precision analyses of single-time-point dosimetry utilising physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling and non-linear mixed-effects modelling
title_sort accuracy and precision analyses of single time point dosimetry utilising physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and non linear mixed effects modelling
topic PBPK
NLMEM
STP
Accuracy
Precision
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s40658-025-00726-7
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