Unveiling the Floral Scent Dynamics of Calamondin (<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>) Across Developmental Stages
The calamondin (<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>) is highly valued for its ornamental appeal and rich aromatic compounds, making it suitable for therapeutic gardens and widely applicable in the cosmetics, food, pharmaceutical, and perfume industries. Despite its importance,...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Yiwei Chen Zhiqing Liang Shiyu Chen Fulong Yan Jingjuan He Yiwei Zhou Ting Gao |
| author_facet | Yiwei Chen Zhiqing Liang Shiyu Chen Fulong Yan Jingjuan He Yiwei Zhou Ting Gao |
| author_sort | Yiwei Chen |
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| description | The calamondin (<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>) is highly valued for its ornamental appeal and rich aromatic compounds, making it suitable for therapeutic gardens and widely applicable in the cosmetics, food, pharmaceutical, and perfume industries. Despite its importance, there is a lack of research on its floral volatiles. This study utilized headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS–SPME–GC–MS) to detect the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of calamondin at different floral developmental stages: bud (BS), half-open (HS), full bloom (FS), and senescence (SS). Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to elucidate the aromatic characteristics. The results identified 67 VOCs across the four stages, including forty-eight terpenoids, six esters, five aromatics, four aldehydes, one olefin, one alcohol, and two others. Thirty-three VOCs were common across all stages, while BS, HS, FS, and SS had three, three, four, and nine unique VOCs, respectively. The total VOC content increased initially and then decreased as the flowers developed, with terpenoids being the predominant compounds, accounting for over 90% of the total emissions at all stages. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed significant differences in VOC profiles at different stages. Partial least squares discriminant analysis identified five VOCs with variable importance in projection (VIP) values greater than one, including limonene, linalool, <i>β</i>-pinene, germacrene D, and <i>β</i>-ocimene, indicating their varying emission levels across stages. These findings enhance our understanding of the VOC characteristics of calamondin flowers and provide a scientific basis for further ornamental and industrial applications. |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-b6eb374eac26455bb7a1fe3874d25f862025-08-20T02:01:29ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392024-12-01111235910.3390/separations11120359Unveiling the Floral Scent Dynamics of Calamondin (<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>) Across Developmental StagesYiwei Chen0Zhiqing Liang1Shiyu Chen2Fulong Yan3Jingjuan He4Yiwei Zhou5Ting Gao6College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germulam Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, ChinaCollege of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaThe calamondin (<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>) is highly valued for its ornamental appeal and rich aromatic compounds, making it suitable for therapeutic gardens and widely applicable in the cosmetics, food, pharmaceutical, and perfume industries. Despite its importance, there is a lack of research on its floral volatiles. This study utilized headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS–SPME–GC–MS) to detect the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of calamondin at different floral developmental stages: bud (BS), half-open (HS), full bloom (FS), and senescence (SS). Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to elucidate the aromatic characteristics. The results identified 67 VOCs across the four stages, including forty-eight terpenoids, six esters, five aromatics, four aldehydes, one olefin, one alcohol, and two others. Thirty-three VOCs were common across all stages, while BS, HS, FS, and SS had three, three, four, and nine unique VOCs, respectively. The total VOC content increased initially and then decreased as the flowers developed, with terpenoids being the predominant compounds, accounting for over 90% of the total emissions at all stages. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed significant differences in VOC profiles at different stages. Partial least squares discriminant analysis identified five VOCs with variable importance in projection (VIP) values greater than one, including limonene, linalool, <i>β</i>-pinene, germacrene D, and <i>β</i>-ocimene, indicating their varying emission levels across stages. These findings enhance our understanding of the VOC characteristics of calamondin flowers and provide a scientific basis for further ornamental and industrial applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/359<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>floral scentGC–MSvolatile organic compoundsVOCs |
| spellingShingle | Yiwei Chen Zhiqing Liang Shiyu Chen Fulong Yan Jingjuan He Yiwei Zhou Ting Gao Unveiling the Floral Scent Dynamics of Calamondin (<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>) Across Developmental Stages Separations <i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i> floral scent GC–MS volatile organic compounds VOCs |
| title | Unveiling the Floral Scent Dynamics of Calamondin (<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>) Across Developmental Stages |
| title_full | Unveiling the Floral Scent Dynamics of Calamondin (<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>) Across Developmental Stages |
| title_fullStr | Unveiling the Floral Scent Dynamics of Calamondin (<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>) Across Developmental Stages |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unveiling the Floral Scent Dynamics of Calamondin (<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>) Across Developmental Stages |
| title_short | Unveiling the Floral Scent Dynamics of Calamondin (<i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i>) Across Developmental Stages |
| title_sort | unveiling the floral scent dynamics of calamondin i citrus i i microcarpa i across developmental stages |
| topic | <i>Citrus</i> × <i>microcarpa</i> floral scent GC–MS volatile organic compounds VOCs |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/12/359 |
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