Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis
Due to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of inorganic and organic compounds from very different matrices. The electrode material of this type of working electrodes is c...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2017-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1905968 |
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| author | Iulia Gabriela David Dana-Elena Popa Mihaela Buleandra |
| author_facet | Iulia Gabriela David Dana-Elena Popa Mihaela Buleandra |
| author_sort | Iulia Gabriela David |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Due to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of inorganic and organic compounds from very different matrices. The electrode material of this type of working electrodes is constituted by the well-known and easy commercially available graphite pencil leads. Thus, PGEs are cheap and user-friendly and can be employed as disposable electrodes avoiding the time-consuming step of solid electrodes surface cleaning between measurements. When compared to other working electrodes PGEs present lower background currents, higher sensitivity, good reproducibility, and an adjustable electroactive surface area, permitting the analysis of low concentrations and small sample volumes without any deposition/preconcentration step. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed overview of the PGEs characteristics, designs and applications of bare, and electrochemically pretreated and chemically modified PGEs along with the corresponding performance characteristics like linear range and detection limit. Techniques used for bare or modified PGEs surface characterization are also reviewed. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b6b90bc243454c3fb51bd533811e1402 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2090-8865 2090-8873 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2017-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-b6b90bc243454c3fb51bd533811e14022025-08-20T02:23:11ZengWileyJournal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry2090-88652090-88732017-01-01201710.1155/2017/19059681905968Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in ElectroanalysisIulia Gabriela David0Dana-Elena Popa1Mihaela Buleandra2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, RomaniaDue to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of inorganic and organic compounds from very different matrices. The electrode material of this type of working electrodes is constituted by the well-known and easy commercially available graphite pencil leads. Thus, PGEs are cheap and user-friendly and can be employed as disposable electrodes avoiding the time-consuming step of solid electrodes surface cleaning between measurements. When compared to other working electrodes PGEs present lower background currents, higher sensitivity, good reproducibility, and an adjustable electroactive surface area, permitting the analysis of low concentrations and small sample volumes without any deposition/preconcentration step. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed overview of the PGEs characteristics, designs and applications of bare, and electrochemically pretreated and chemically modified PGEs along with the corresponding performance characteristics like linear range and detection limit. Techniques used for bare or modified PGEs surface characterization are also reviewed.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1905968 |
| spellingShingle | Iulia Gabriela David Dana-Elena Popa Mihaela Buleandra Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry |
| title | Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis |
| title_full | Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis |
| title_fullStr | Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis |
| title_short | Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis |
| title_sort | pencil graphite electrodes a versatile tool in electroanalysis |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1905968 |
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