Enhanced Sugar Yield from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulignin from Sugarcane Bagasse Using a Biosurfactant and Soybean Protein in Powdered and Cavitated Forms

The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is often hindered by lignin, which acts as a physical barrier and promotes non-productive enzyme adsorption. This study evaluated the potential of soybean protein in powdered and cavitated forms, along with lactonic sophorolipid biosurfactant (LSLB...

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Main Authors: Alain Monsalve Mera, Salvador Sánchez Muñoz, Felipe A. Fernandes Antunes, Júlio C. dos Santos, Silvio Silvério da Silva
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Fermentation
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/11/3/114
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author Alain Monsalve Mera
Salvador Sánchez Muñoz
Felipe A. Fernandes Antunes
Júlio C. dos Santos
Silvio Silvério da Silva
author_facet Alain Monsalve Mera
Salvador Sánchez Muñoz
Felipe A. Fernandes Antunes
Júlio C. dos Santos
Silvio Silvério da Silva
author_sort Alain Monsalve Mera
collection DOAJ
description The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is often hindered by lignin, which acts as a physical barrier and promotes non-productive enzyme adsorption. This study evaluated the potential of soybean protein in powdered and cavitated forms, along with lactonic sophorolipid biosurfactant (LSLB), to enhance sugar yields from cellulignin derived from sugarcane bagasse, a residue with a high lignin content. A Box–Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of enzyme loading (10–20 FPU/g cellulignin), soybean protein powder (10–30% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of dried cellulignin), and LSLB concentration (25–250 mg/L) on glucose and xylose yields. Hydrodynamic cavitation was employed to produce soluble soybean protein, achieving a solubility yield of 44.4% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> in 10 min. The cavitated protein was compared with powdered protein to assess its impact on enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. The results showed that hydrodynamic cavitation reduced the required SBP dosage while maintaining sugar yields, allowing 10% w/w of dried cellulignin cavitated SBP to achieve glucose and xylose yields comparable to 25% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of dried cellulignin non-cavitated SBP. Specifically, glucose yield increased by 24.92% (from 34.1% ± 1.01 to 42.6% ± 1.4), and xylose yield by 30.86% (from 32.4% ± 0.53 to 42.4% ± 2.21) compared to the no-additive condition. These improvements were linked to enhanced solubility, increased surface area, and reduced particle size in the cavitated protein. This study highlights hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for modifying soybean protein structure to optimize enzymatic hydrolysis in lignocellulosic bioconversion.
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spelling doaj-art-b6b00a345fe84a35964a42dfa621cf0e2025-08-20T03:43:30ZengMDPI AGFermentation2311-56372025-02-0111311410.3390/fermentation11030114Enhanced Sugar Yield from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulignin from Sugarcane Bagasse Using a Biosurfactant and Soybean Protein in Powdered and Cavitated FormsAlain Monsalve Mera0Salvador Sánchez Muñoz1Felipe A. Fernandes Antunes2Júlio C. dos Santos3Silvio Silvério da Silva4Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12602-810, SP, BrazilDepartment of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12602-810, SP, BrazilDepartment of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12602-810, SP, BrazilDepartment of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12602-810, SP, BrazilDepartment of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo (EEL-USP), Lorena 12602-810, SP, BrazilThe enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is often hindered by lignin, which acts as a physical barrier and promotes non-productive enzyme adsorption. This study evaluated the potential of soybean protein in powdered and cavitated forms, along with lactonic sophorolipid biosurfactant (LSLB), to enhance sugar yields from cellulignin derived from sugarcane bagasse, a residue with a high lignin content. A Box–Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of enzyme loading (10–20 FPU/g cellulignin), soybean protein powder (10–30% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of dried cellulignin), and LSLB concentration (25–250 mg/L) on glucose and xylose yields. Hydrodynamic cavitation was employed to produce soluble soybean protein, achieving a solubility yield of 44.4% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> in 10 min. The cavitated protein was compared with powdered protein to assess its impact on enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. The results showed that hydrodynamic cavitation reduced the required SBP dosage while maintaining sugar yields, allowing 10% w/w of dried cellulignin cavitated SBP to achieve glucose and xylose yields comparable to 25% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of dried cellulignin non-cavitated SBP. Specifically, glucose yield increased by 24.92% (from 34.1% ± 1.01 to 42.6% ± 1.4), and xylose yield by 30.86% (from 32.4% ± 0.53 to 42.4% ± 2.21) compared to the no-additive condition. These improvements were linked to enhanced solubility, increased surface area, and reduced particle size in the cavitated protein. This study highlights hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for modifying soybean protein structure to optimize enzymatic hydrolysis in lignocellulosic bioconversion.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/11/3/114lignocelluloseenzymatic hydrolysissoybean proteinhydrodynamic cavitationlignin-blockingsugarcane bagasse
spellingShingle Alain Monsalve Mera
Salvador Sánchez Muñoz
Felipe A. Fernandes Antunes
Júlio C. dos Santos
Silvio Silvério da Silva
Enhanced Sugar Yield from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulignin from Sugarcane Bagasse Using a Biosurfactant and Soybean Protein in Powdered and Cavitated Forms
Fermentation
lignocellulose
enzymatic hydrolysis
soybean protein
hydrodynamic cavitation
lignin-blocking
sugarcane bagasse
title Enhanced Sugar Yield from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulignin from Sugarcane Bagasse Using a Biosurfactant and Soybean Protein in Powdered and Cavitated Forms
title_full Enhanced Sugar Yield from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulignin from Sugarcane Bagasse Using a Biosurfactant and Soybean Protein in Powdered and Cavitated Forms
title_fullStr Enhanced Sugar Yield from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulignin from Sugarcane Bagasse Using a Biosurfactant and Soybean Protein in Powdered and Cavitated Forms
title_full_unstemmed Enhanced Sugar Yield from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulignin from Sugarcane Bagasse Using a Biosurfactant and Soybean Protein in Powdered and Cavitated Forms
title_short Enhanced Sugar Yield from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulignin from Sugarcane Bagasse Using a Biosurfactant and Soybean Protein in Powdered and Cavitated Forms
title_sort enhanced sugar yield from enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulignin from sugarcane bagasse using a biosurfactant and soybean protein in powdered and cavitated forms
topic lignocellulose
enzymatic hydrolysis
soybean protein
hydrodynamic cavitation
lignin-blocking
sugarcane bagasse
url https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/11/3/114
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