Development and Assessment of a New Multichannel Electrocutaneous Device for Non-Invasive Somatosensory Stimulation for Magnetic Resonance Applications

Non-invasive electrocutaneous stimulation, which applies an electrical current flowing through the skin’s surface to elicit a tactile percept, can be used in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to obtain somatotopic maps that illustrate the spatial patterns and f...

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Main Authors: Carolina Travassos, Alexandre Sayal, Paulo Fonte, Bruno Direito, Luis Lopes, Nuno Carolino, Sonia Afonso, Tania Lopes, Teresa Sousa, Miguel Castelo-Branco
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
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Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10985928/
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author Carolina Travassos
Alexandre Sayal
Paulo Fonte
Bruno Direito
Luis Lopes
Nuno Carolino
Sonia Afonso
Tania Lopes
Teresa Sousa
Miguel Castelo-Branco
author_facet Carolina Travassos
Alexandre Sayal
Paulo Fonte
Bruno Direito
Luis Lopes
Nuno Carolino
Sonia Afonso
Tania Lopes
Teresa Sousa
Miguel Castelo-Branco
author_sort Carolina Travassos
collection DOAJ
description Non-invasive electrocutaneous stimulation, which applies an electrical current flowing through the skin’s surface to elicit a tactile percept, can be used in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to obtain somatotopic maps that illustrate the spatial patterns and functional organization of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). However, accessibility to this technique, combined with fMRI, is limited, especially for applications requiring multiple stimulation channels. This study presents the development and assessment of a novel multichannel electrocutaneous stimulation device designed for non-invasive somatosensory stimulation of the upper limbs in human participants within a magnetic resonance (MR) environment. The current-controlled, voltage-limited stimulation device features 20 stimulation channels that can be individually configured to deliver various non-simultaneous combinations of personalized electrical pulses, tailored to the subject, stimulation site, and paradigm. It was designed with a modular assembly to ensure compatibility with the MR environment. The assessment of the device consisted of four stages. First, the feasibility of generating controllable electrical stimuli outside the MR environment was validated using an electrical circuit equivalent to the impedance of the human body and the electrode-skin interface. Subsequently, safety and compatibility were evaluated in a 3 Tesla Magnetom Prisma fit scanner using a phantom. Next, the device’s capacity to generate perceptible tactile sensations and user acceptability were assessed by testing the device on a single participant outside the MR environment. Finally, structural and functional data were acquired from three participants during a somatosensory stimulation experiment as a proof of concept to confirm the brain activity elicited by stimulation. These assessments confirmed the device’s capacity to generate controllable electrical stimuli both outside and in the MR environment, its compatibility and safety in this MR environment, and its effectiveness in eliciting brain activity in the expected brain areas without causing any discomfort to the participant. This study paves the way for future research on somatotopic mapping of S1 using this device.
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spelling doaj-art-b699304787d246d8a0dfd8453bf23bc72025-08-20T03:47:28ZengIEEEIEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering1534-43201558-02102025-01-01331916192610.1109/TNSRE.2025.356614410985928Development and Assessment of a New Multichannel Electrocutaneous Device for Non-Invasive Somatosensory Stimulation for Magnetic Resonance ApplicationsCarolina Travassos0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8555-9844Alexandre Sayal1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0476-9533Paulo Fonte2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2275-9099Bruno Direito3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3259-8815Luis Lopes4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-0033Nuno Carolino5Sonia Afonso6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6530-9290Tania Lopes7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7198-5968Teresa Sousa8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-3152Miguel Castelo-Branco9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4364-6373Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, PortugalCoimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, PortugalLaboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (LIP), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, PortugalCoimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, PortugalLaboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (LIP), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, PortugalLaboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (LIP), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, PortugalCoimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, PortugalCoimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, PortugalCoimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, PortugalCoimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, PortugalNon-invasive electrocutaneous stimulation, which applies an electrical current flowing through the skin’s surface to elicit a tactile percept, can be used in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to obtain somatotopic maps that illustrate the spatial patterns and functional organization of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). However, accessibility to this technique, combined with fMRI, is limited, especially for applications requiring multiple stimulation channels. This study presents the development and assessment of a novel multichannel electrocutaneous stimulation device designed for non-invasive somatosensory stimulation of the upper limbs in human participants within a magnetic resonance (MR) environment. The current-controlled, voltage-limited stimulation device features 20 stimulation channels that can be individually configured to deliver various non-simultaneous combinations of personalized electrical pulses, tailored to the subject, stimulation site, and paradigm. It was designed with a modular assembly to ensure compatibility with the MR environment. The assessment of the device consisted of four stages. First, the feasibility of generating controllable electrical stimuli outside the MR environment was validated using an electrical circuit equivalent to the impedance of the human body and the electrode-skin interface. Subsequently, safety and compatibility were evaluated in a 3 Tesla Magnetom Prisma fit scanner using a phantom. Next, the device’s capacity to generate perceptible tactile sensations and user acceptability were assessed by testing the device on a single participant outside the MR environment. Finally, structural and functional data were acquired from three participants during a somatosensory stimulation experiment as a proof of concept to confirm the brain activity elicited by stimulation. These assessments confirmed the device’s capacity to generate controllable electrical stimuli both outside and in the MR environment, its compatibility and safety in this MR environment, and its effectiveness in eliciting brain activity in the expected brain areas without causing any discomfort to the participant. This study paves the way for future research on somatotopic mapping of S1 using this device.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10985928/Electrical stimulationfunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)functional electrical stimulationneuromuscular stimulationsomatotopyprimary somatosensory cortex (S1)
spellingShingle Carolina Travassos
Alexandre Sayal
Paulo Fonte
Bruno Direito
Luis Lopes
Nuno Carolino
Sonia Afonso
Tania Lopes
Teresa Sousa
Miguel Castelo-Branco
Development and Assessment of a New Multichannel Electrocutaneous Device for Non-Invasive Somatosensory Stimulation for Magnetic Resonance Applications
IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
Electrical stimulation
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
functional electrical stimulation
neuromuscular stimulation
somatotopy
primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
title Development and Assessment of a New Multichannel Electrocutaneous Device for Non-Invasive Somatosensory Stimulation for Magnetic Resonance Applications
title_full Development and Assessment of a New Multichannel Electrocutaneous Device for Non-Invasive Somatosensory Stimulation for Magnetic Resonance Applications
title_fullStr Development and Assessment of a New Multichannel Electrocutaneous Device for Non-Invasive Somatosensory Stimulation for Magnetic Resonance Applications
title_full_unstemmed Development and Assessment of a New Multichannel Electrocutaneous Device for Non-Invasive Somatosensory Stimulation for Magnetic Resonance Applications
title_short Development and Assessment of a New Multichannel Electrocutaneous Device for Non-Invasive Somatosensory Stimulation for Magnetic Resonance Applications
title_sort development and assessment of a new multichannel electrocutaneous device for non invasive somatosensory stimulation for magnetic resonance applications
topic Electrical stimulation
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
functional electrical stimulation
neuromuscular stimulation
somatotopy
primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10985928/
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