First genomic analysis of a Clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netB genes and the proposal of an amended toxin-based typing scheme
Clostridium perfringens strains are classified into seven toxinotypes (A–G) based on the profiles of the six typing toxin genes. Among these toxins, NetB is known as an important virulence factor for necrotic enteritis in chickens, and its gene, netB, is present only in type G strains. CPE is the en...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1580271/full |
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| author | Takashi Mada Kenta Ochi Mariko Okamoto Daisuke Takamatsu Daisuke Takamatsu Daisuke Takamatsu |
| author_facet | Takashi Mada Kenta Ochi Mariko Okamoto Daisuke Takamatsu Daisuke Takamatsu Daisuke Takamatsu |
| author_sort | Takashi Mada |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Clostridium perfringens strains are classified into seven toxinotypes (A–G) based on the profiles of the six typing toxin genes. Among these toxins, NetB is known as an important virulence factor for necrotic enteritis in chickens, and its gene, netB, is present only in type G strains. CPE is the enterotoxin that causes food-borne affections in humans, and its gene, cpe, is carried by type F strains and occasionally by type C, D, and E strains. However, strains with both netB and cpe are extremely rare; thus, they are not assigned to either toxinotype under the current typing scheme. In 2022, a 69-month-old female Holstein cow in Japan died suddenly, and a C. perfringens strain (CP280) possessing both netB and cpe was isolated for the first time in Japan from the bovine intestinal contents. The CP280 genome was composed of one chromosome and six circular plasmids, and netB and cpe were carried on different plasmids, pCP280-82k and pCP280-55k, respectively. Multilocus sequence typing analysis assigned CP280 to ST21, and all other reported ST21 strains were type G strains. In the phylogenetic analysis using the genomes of 553 C. perfringens strains, CP280 was clustered into a group along with the type G strains from affected birds. The deduced amino acid sequences of NetB and CPE from CP280 were identical to those of NetB and CPE from avian necrotic enteritis cases and human food poisoning cases, respectively, implying the potential of CP280 to cause these diseases. The genetic relatedness of CP280 and type G strains strongly suggests that CP280 was originally type G with the netB-positive plasmid pCP280-82k and later acquired the cpe-positive plasmid pCP280-55k; therefore, CP280 should be treated as a type G strain. We propose to change the requirement for this toxinotype in the toxin-based typing scheme from cpe(−) to cpe(+/−). |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b66aa95c46cf48c98cf74aca90bcf073 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-b66aa95c46cf48c98cf74aca90bcf0732025-08-20T02:33:11ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2025-05-011610.3389/fmicb.2025.15802711580271First genomic analysis of a Clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netB genes and the proposal of an amended toxin-based typing schemeTakashi Mada0Kenta Ochi1Mariko Okamoto2Daisuke Takamatsu3Daisuke Takamatsu4Daisuke Takamatsu5Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanEhime Prefectural Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, Toon, Ehime, JapanDivision of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanDivision of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanThe United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, JapanJoint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, JapanClostridium perfringens strains are classified into seven toxinotypes (A–G) based on the profiles of the six typing toxin genes. Among these toxins, NetB is known as an important virulence factor for necrotic enteritis in chickens, and its gene, netB, is present only in type G strains. CPE is the enterotoxin that causes food-borne affections in humans, and its gene, cpe, is carried by type F strains and occasionally by type C, D, and E strains. However, strains with both netB and cpe are extremely rare; thus, they are not assigned to either toxinotype under the current typing scheme. In 2022, a 69-month-old female Holstein cow in Japan died suddenly, and a C. perfringens strain (CP280) possessing both netB and cpe was isolated for the first time in Japan from the bovine intestinal contents. The CP280 genome was composed of one chromosome and six circular plasmids, and netB and cpe were carried on different plasmids, pCP280-82k and pCP280-55k, respectively. Multilocus sequence typing analysis assigned CP280 to ST21, and all other reported ST21 strains were type G strains. In the phylogenetic analysis using the genomes of 553 C. perfringens strains, CP280 was clustered into a group along with the type G strains from affected birds. The deduced amino acid sequences of NetB and CPE from CP280 were identical to those of NetB and CPE from avian necrotic enteritis cases and human food poisoning cases, respectively, implying the potential of CP280 to cause these diseases. The genetic relatedness of CP280 and type G strains strongly suggests that CP280 was originally type G with the netB-positive plasmid pCP280-82k and later acquired the cpe-positive plasmid pCP280-55k; therefore, CP280 should be treated as a type G strain. We propose to change the requirement for this toxinotype in the toxin-based typing scheme from cpe(−) to cpe(+/−).https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1580271/fullClostridium perfringenscattlecpenetBtype Ftype G |
| spellingShingle | Takashi Mada Kenta Ochi Mariko Okamoto Daisuke Takamatsu Daisuke Takamatsu Daisuke Takamatsu First genomic analysis of a Clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netB genes and the proposal of an amended toxin-based typing scheme Frontiers in Microbiology Clostridium perfringens cattle cpe netB type F type G |
| title | First genomic analysis of a Clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netB genes and the proposal of an amended toxin-based typing scheme |
| title_full | First genomic analysis of a Clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netB genes and the proposal of an amended toxin-based typing scheme |
| title_fullStr | First genomic analysis of a Clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netB genes and the proposal of an amended toxin-based typing scheme |
| title_full_unstemmed | First genomic analysis of a Clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netB genes and the proposal of an amended toxin-based typing scheme |
| title_short | First genomic analysis of a Clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netB genes and the proposal of an amended toxin-based typing scheme |
| title_sort | first genomic analysis of a clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netb genes and the proposal of an amended toxin based typing scheme |
| topic | Clostridium perfringens cattle cpe netB type F type G |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1580271/full |
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