Climate change skepticism of European farmers and implications for effective policy actions

Abstract European farmers struggle with mitigating global emissions of greenhouse gases effectively and to cope with climate change. European regulators and national governments encounter obstacles in implementing environmental policies, feeding frustration amongst farmers. We hypothesize that these...

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Main Authors: Lea Kröner, Hans JM van Grinsven, Jan Willem Erisman, Morten Graversgaard, Tim Immerzeel, Jørgen Eivind Olesen, Alfredo Rodríguez, Bárbara Soriano, Alberto Sanz-Cobena, Tanja van der Lippe
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Communications Earth & Environment
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02304-2
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author Lea Kröner
Hans JM van Grinsven
Jan Willem Erisman
Morten Graversgaard
Tim Immerzeel
Jørgen Eivind Olesen
Alfredo Rodríguez
Bárbara Soriano
Alberto Sanz-Cobena
Tanja van der Lippe
author_facet Lea Kröner
Hans JM van Grinsven
Jan Willem Erisman
Morten Graversgaard
Tim Immerzeel
Jørgen Eivind Olesen
Alfredo Rodríguez
Bárbara Soriano
Alberto Sanz-Cobena
Tanja van der Lippe
author_sort Lea Kröner
collection DOAJ
description Abstract European farmers struggle with mitigating global emissions of greenhouse gases effectively and to cope with climate change. European regulators and national governments encounter obstacles in implementing environmental policies, feeding frustration amongst farmers. We hypothesize that these issues relate to climate change skepticism within the farming community and dissensus with non-farmers and between countries. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed climate attribution and impact skepticism amongst farmers and the rest of the working population using the Eurobarometer and the European Social Survey, and national data about gross domestic product (GDP), innovativeness, share of agricultural land, and climate damage risk for agriculture. Impact skepticism of farmers increases with decreasing risk of climate damage and increasing GDP, causing a South-North gradient in Europe. The majority of farmers in the EU countries were more skeptical than non-farmers. Understanding and reducing this skepticism provides a key to more effective mitigation and adaptation.
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issn 2662-4435
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publisher Nature Portfolio
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series Communications Earth & Environment
spelling doaj-art-b6519732079149cdb4f7ca4852e156342025-08-20T01:53:25ZengNature PortfolioCommunications Earth & Environment2662-44352025-05-01611910.1038/s43247-025-02304-2Climate change skepticism of European farmers and implications for effective policy actionsLea Kröner0Hans JM van Grinsven1Jan Willem Erisman2Morten Graversgaard3Tim Immerzeel4Jørgen Eivind Olesen5Alfredo Rodríguez6Bárbara Soriano7Alberto Sanz-Cobena8Tanja van der Lippe9Department of Sociology, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht UniversityDepartment of Water, Agriculture and Food, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyInstitute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden UniversityDepartment of Agroecology, Aarhus UniversityDepartment of Sociology, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht UniversityDepartment of Agroecology, Aarhus UniversityDepartment of Economic Analysis and Finances, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaCEIGRAM/ETSIAAB. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)CEIGRAM/ETSIAAB. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)Department of Sociology, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht UniversityAbstract European farmers struggle with mitigating global emissions of greenhouse gases effectively and to cope with climate change. European regulators and national governments encounter obstacles in implementing environmental policies, feeding frustration amongst farmers. We hypothesize that these issues relate to climate change skepticism within the farming community and dissensus with non-farmers and between countries. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed climate attribution and impact skepticism amongst farmers and the rest of the working population using the Eurobarometer and the European Social Survey, and national data about gross domestic product (GDP), innovativeness, share of agricultural land, and climate damage risk for agriculture. Impact skepticism of farmers increases with decreasing risk of climate damage and increasing GDP, causing a South-North gradient in Europe. The majority of farmers in the EU countries were more skeptical than non-farmers. Understanding and reducing this skepticism provides a key to more effective mitigation and adaptation.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02304-2
spellingShingle Lea Kröner
Hans JM van Grinsven
Jan Willem Erisman
Morten Graversgaard
Tim Immerzeel
Jørgen Eivind Olesen
Alfredo Rodríguez
Bárbara Soriano
Alberto Sanz-Cobena
Tanja van der Lippe
Climate change skepticism of European farmers and implications for effective policy actions
Communications Earth & Environment
title Climate change skepticism of European farmers and implications for effective policy actions
title_full Climate change skepticism of European farmers and implications for effective policy actions
title_fullStr Climate change skepticism of European farmers and implications for effective policy actions
title_full_unstemmed Climate change skepticism of European farmers and implications for effective policy actions
title_short Climate change skepticism of European farmers and implications for effective policy actions
title_sort climate change skepticism of european farmers and implications for effective policy actions
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02304-2
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