CPPU and Ethylene Inhibitors as an Environmentally Friendly Strategy for Improving Fruit Retention, Yield, and Quality in Avocado
Avocado fruit drop after fruit set causes avocado orchards to suffer significant losses in the fruit yield, oil yield, and quality parameters of fruits. An insufficient crop load, as a result of excessive fruit drop, can reduce avocado orchard profitability. Hence, this study aimed to mitigate these...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| author | Mahmoud Abdel-Sattar Laila Y. Mostafa Saddam H. Ali Hail Z. Rihan Dalia H. Eshra |
| author_facet | Mahmoud Abdel-Sattar Laila Y. Mostafa Saddam H. Ali Hail Z. Rihan Dalia H. Eshra |
| author_sort | Mahmoud Abdel-Sattar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Avocado fruit drop after fruit set causes avocado orchards to suffer significant losses in the fruit yield, oil yield, and quality parameters of fruits. An insufficient crop load, as a result of excessive fruit drop, can reduce avocado orchard profitability. Hence, this study aimed to mitigate these problems using 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenyl urea (CPPU) as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective strategy to reduce accumulative fruit drop and enhance the productivity and quality of Fuerte avocado fruits. The experiment was conducted over two consecutive seasons using a randomized complete block design with eight treatments: control, 1-MCP (200 ppm), AVG (200 ppm), CPPU (5 ppm), 1-MCP + AVG, 1-MCP + CPPU, AVG + CPPU, and 1-MCP + AVG + CPPU. These treatments were applied twice, at full bloom and at the beginning of the fruit set. Avocado trees treated with 5 ppm CPPU significantly reduced accumulative fruit drop. Additionally, treatments with 1-MCP + AVG + CPPU and CPPU at 5 ppm notably improved the yield and quality of Fuerte avocado fruits by increasing fruit weight, length, width, dry matter content, total carbohydrates, crude protein, total soluble solids (TSSs), and fruit mineral content (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe). In contrast, treatments with 1-MCP or/and AVG had a negative impact on fruit TSSs, acidity, and carotenoid content, while producing the highest levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll. Treatments with CPPU alone or combined with 1-MCP and/or AVG significantly enhanced avocado oil content, with slight effects on peroxide, iodine, and saponification values. Based on the results, 1-MCP + AVG + CPPU treatment is recommended for avocado growers to enhance fruit growth, yield, quality, and oil production. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b640efc6a6804dd090913680859a88c8 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj-art-b640efc6a6804dd090913680859a88c82025-08-20T03:12:11ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242025-02-0111218010.3390/horticulturae11020180CPPU and Ethylene Inhibitors as an Environmentally Friendly Strategy for Improving Fruit Retention, Yield, and Quality in AvocadoMahmoud Abdel-Sattar0Laila Y. Mostafa1Saddam H. Ali2Hail Z. Rihan3Dalia H. Eshra4Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaTropical Fruit Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza P.O. Box 256, EgyptTropical Fruit Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza P.O. Box 256, EgyptSchool of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UKFood Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture-ElShatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, EgyptAvocado fruit drop after fruit set causes avocado orchards to suffer significant losses in the fruit yield, oil yield, and quality parameters of fruits. An insufficient crop load, as a result of excessive fruit drop, can reduce avocado orchard profitability. Hence, this study aimed to mitigate these problems using 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenyl urea (CPPU) as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective strategy to reduce accumulative fruit drop and enhance the productivity and quality of Fuerte avocado fruits. The experiment was conducted over two consecutive seasons using a randomized complete block design with eight treatments: control, 1-MCP (200 ppm), AVG (200 ppm), CPPU (5 ppm), 1-MCP + AVG, 1-MCP + CPPU, AVG + CPPU, and 1-MCP + AVG + CPPU. These treatments were applied twice, at full bloom and at the beginning of the fruit set. Avocado trees treated with 5 ppm CPPU significantly reduced accumulative fruit drop. Additionally, treatments with 1-MCP + AVG + CPPU and CPPU at 5 ppm notably improved the yield and quality of Fuerte avocado fruits by increasing fruit weight, length, width, dry matter content, total carbohydrates, crude protein, total soluble solids (TSSs), and fruit mineral content (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe). In contrast, treatments with 1-MCP or/and AVG had a negative impact on fruit TSSs, acidity, and carotenoid content, while producing the highest levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll. Treatments with CPPU alone or combined with 1-MCP and/or AVG significantly enhanced avocado oil content, with slight effects on peroxide, iodine, and saponification values. Based on the results, 1-MCP + AVG + CPPU treatment is recommended for avocado growers to enhance fruit growth, yield, quality, and oil production.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/11/2/1801-methlcyclopropeneaminoethoxyvinylglycinegrowth regulatorfruit yieldmineralsitofex |
| spellingShingle | Mahmoud Abdel-Sattar Laila Y. Mostafa Saddam H. Ali Hail Z. Rihan Dalia H. Eshra CPPU and Ethylene Inhibitors as an Environmentally Friendly Strategy for Improving Fruit Retention, Yield, and Quality in Avocado Horticulturae 1-methlcyclopropene aminoethoxyvinylglycine growth regulator fruit yield mineral sitofex |
| title | CPPU and Ethylene Inhibitors as an Environmentally Friendly Strategy for Improving Fruit Retention, Yield, and Quality in Avocado |
| title_full | CPPU and Ethylene Inhibitors as an Environmentally Friendly Strategy for Improving Fruit Retention, Yield, and Quality in Avocado |
| title_fullStr | CPPU and Ethylene Inhibitors as an Environmentally Friendly Strategy for Improving Fruit Retention, Yield, and Quality in Avocado |
| title_full_unstemmed | CPPU and Ethylene Inhibitors as an Environmentally Friendly Strategy for Improving Fruit Retention, Yield, and Quality in Avocado |
| title_short | CPPU and Ethylene Inhibitors as an Environmentally Friendly Strategy for Improving Fruit Retention, Yield, and Quality in Avocado |
| title_sort | cppu and ethylene inhibitors as an environmentally friendly strategy for improving fruit retention yield and quality in avocado |
| topic | 1-methlcyclopropene aminoethoxyvinylglycine growth regulator fruit yield mineral sitofex |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/11/2/180 |
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