Co-Optimization of Ancillary Services Providing Primary Frequency Control in the Day-Ahead Market
Large-scale integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) challenges primary frequency control because IBRs don’t typically respond to frequency fluctuations, which is partially due to a lack of financial incentives. To address this, we consider four ancillary service products for primar...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10925381/ |
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| Summary: | Large-scale integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) challenges primary frequency control because IBRs don’t typically respond to frequency fluctuations, which is partially due to a lack of financial incentives. To address this, we consider four ancillary service products for primary frequency control: Primary Frequency Response (PFR) reserve, which accommodates droop control, Fast Frequency Response (FFR) reserve, Virtual Inertia (VI) reserve, and synchronous inertia. The available frequency response reserve requirement is proposed, which ensures sufficient available PFR and FFR reserve to cover the largest contingency. To ensure that PFR reserve is available fast enough to contribute to primary frequency control, we propose enforcing novel rate-based PFR reserve limits that vary with inertia and FFR reserve and are constructed by a simulation-based heuristic. The proposed requirements are incorporated into the unit-commitment problem and are compatible with the equivalency ratio requirement used by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). Results are provided using an ERCOT test case. We illustrate that PFR reserve limits currently used by ERCOT may be insufficient due to generator ramping limitations, while the addition of our rate-based limits would not significantly increase cost. We also illustrate that including VI reserve allows storage devices to fully utilize their power and energy capacities. |
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| ISSN: | 2169-3536 |