Investigating the Dainotti Relation in Gamma-Ray Bursts through Multipolar Electromagnetic Radiation
The Dainotti relation empirically connects the isotropic plateau luminosity ( L _X ) in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and X-ray afterglows to the rest-frame time at which the plateau ends ( ${T}_{a}^{* }$ ), enabling both the standardization of GRBs and their use as cosmological probes. However, the preci...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adef47 |
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| author | Emre S. Yorgancioglu Daban Mohammed Saeed Rahim Moradi Yu Wang |
| author_facet | Emre S. Yorgancioglu Daban Mohammed Saeed Rahim Moradi Yu Wang |
| author_sort | Emre S. Yorgancioglu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Dainotti relation empirically connects the isotropic plateau luminosity ( L _X ) in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and X-ray afterglows to the rest-frame time at which the plateau ends ( ${T}_{a}^{* }$ ), enabling both the standardization of GRBs and their use as cosmological probes. However, the precise physical mechanisms underlying this correlation remain an active area of research. Although magnetars, highly magnetized neutron stars, have been proposed as central engines powering GRB afterglows, traditional dipole spin-down radiation models fail to account for the full diversity of observed behaviors. This limitation necessitates a more comprehensive framework. We propose that multipolar magnetic field emissions from magnetars offer a plausible explanation for the Dainotti relation. Unlike simple dipole fields, higher-order multipolar configurations enable more complex energy dissipation processes. The coexistence of multiple components can plausibly explain the range of afterglow decay indices found from a sample of 238 GRBs with plateau features from the Swift-X-Ray Telescope database up to the end of 2024 December, the majority of which deviate from the dipolar prediction of α = −2, and more crucially, the spin-down physics yields a link between L _X and ${T}_{a}^{* }$ in a way that preserves the Dainotti correlation with a slope of b = −1, independent of the specific multipole order. Moreover, we find that the inclusion of higher-order multipoles can explain the range of plateau energies found in the Dainotti relations. Thus, a unified picture emerges in which multipolar fields are able to reproduce both the slope and the normalization of the correlation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b5e623fb4edd4acbafcb35e02200a08b |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-b5e623fb4edd4acbafcb35e02200a08b2025-08-20T03:23:22ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-0198916010.3847/1538-4357/adef47Investigating the Dainotti Relation in Gamma-Ray Bursts through Multipolar Electromagnetic RadiationEmre S. Yorgancioglu0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8442-9458Daban Mohammed Saeed1Rahim Moradi2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2516-5894Yu Wang3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7959-3387State Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China ; rmoradi@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China ; rmoradi@ihep.ac.cn; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China ; rmoradi@ihep.ac.cnICRA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy ; yu.wang@inaf.it; ICRANet , P.zza della Repubblica 10, 65122 Pescara, Italy; INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo , Via M. Maggini snc, I-64100, Teramo, ItalyThe Dainotti relation empirically connects the isotropic plateau luminosity ( L _X ) in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and X-ray afterglows to the rest-frame time at which the plateau ends ( ${T}_{a}^{* }$ ), enabling both the standardization of GRBs and their use as cosmological probes. However, the precise physical mechanisms underlying this correlation remain an active area of research. Although magnetars, highly magnetized neutron stars, have been proposed as central engines powering GRB afterglows, traditional dipole spin-down radiation models fail to account for the full diversity of observed behaviors. This limitation necessitates a more comprehensive framework. We propose that multipolar magnetic field emissions from magnetars offer a plausible explanation for the Dainotti relation. Unlike simple dipole fields, higher-order multipolar configurations enable more complex energy dissipation processes. The coexistence of multiple components can plausibly explain the range of afterglow decay indices found from a sample of 238 GRBs with plateau features from the Swift-X-Ray Telescope database up to the end of 2024 December, the majority of which deviate from the dipolar prediction of α = −2, and more crucially, the spin-down physics yields a link between L _X and ${T}_{a}^{* }$ in a way that preserves the Dainotti correlation with a slope of b = −1, independent of the specific multipole order. Moreover, we find that the inclusion of higher-order multipoles can explain the range of plateau energies found in the Dainotti relations. Thus, a unified picture emerges in which multipolar fields are able to reproduce both the slope and the normalization of the correlation.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adef47Gamma-ray bursts |
| spellingShingle | Emre S. Yorgancioglu Daban Mohammed Saeed Rahim Moradi Yu Wang Investigating the Dainotti Relation in Gamma-Ray Bursts through Multipolar Electromagnetic Radiation The Astrophysical Journal Gamma-ray bursts |
| title | Investigating the Dainotti Relation in Gamma-Ray Bursts through Multipolar Electromagnetic Radiation |
| title_full | Investigating the Dainotti Relation in Gamma-Ray Bursts through Multipolar Electromagnetic Radiation |
| title_fullStr | Investigating the Dainotti Relation in Gamma-Ray Bursts through Multipolar Electromagnetic Radiation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigating the Dainotti Relation in Gamma-Ray Bursts through Multipolar Electromagnetic Radiation |
| title_short | Investigating the Dainotti Relation in Gamma-Ray Bursts through Multipolar Electromagnetic Radiation |
| title_sort | investigating the dainotti relation in gamma ray bursts through multipolar electromagnetic radiation |
| topic | Gamma-ray bursts |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adef47 |
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