Even‐Order Harmonic Distortion Observations During Multiple Geomagnetic Disturbances: Investigation From New Zealand
Abstract Large geomagnetic storms are a space weather hazard to power transmission networks due to the effects of Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs). GIC can negatively impact power transmission systems through the generation of even‐order current and voltage harmonics due to half‐cycle transfo...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2024-05-01
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| Series: | Space Weather |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1029/2024SW003879 |
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| author | Malcolm Crack Craig J. Rodger Mark A. Clilverd Daniel H. Mac Manus Ian Martin Michael Dalzell Soren P. Subritzky Neville R. Watson Tanja Petersen |
| author_facet | Malcolm Crack Craig J. Rodger Mark A. Clilverd Daniel H. Mac Manus Ian Martin Michael Dalzell Soren P. Subritzky Neville R. Watson Tanja Petersen |
| author_sort | Malcolm Crack |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Large geomagnetic storms are a space weather hazard to power transmission networks due to the effects of Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs). GIC can negatively impact power transmission systems through the generation of even‐order current and voltage harmonics due to half‐cycle transformer saturation. This study investigates a decade of even‐order voltage total harmonic distortion (hereon referred to as Even‐Order Total Harmonic Distortion (ETHD)) observations provided by Transpower New Zealand Ltd., the national system operator. We make use of ETHD measurements at 139 locations throughout New Zealand, monitored at 377 separate circuit breakers, focusing on 10 large geomagnetic disturbances during the period 2013–2023. Analysis identified 5 key substations, which appeared to act as sources of ETHD. The majority of these substations include single phase transformer banks, and evidence of significant GIC magnitudes. The ETHD from the source substations was found to propagate into the surrounding network, with the percentage distortion typically decaying away over distances of 150–200 km locally, that is, at a rate of −0.0043 %km−1. During the study period some significant changes occurred in the power network, that is, removal of the Halfway Bush (HWB) single phase bank transformer T4 in November 2017, and decommissioning of the New Plymouth substation in December 2019. Decommissioning of these two assets resulted in less ETHD occurring in the surrounding regions during subsequent geomagnetic storms. However, ETHD still increased at HWB with increasing levels of GIC, indicating that three phase transformer units were still susceptible to saturation, albeit with about 1/3 of the ETHD percentage exhibited by single phase transformers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b5e4259b316c4d61ba51026ee68ab992 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1542-7390 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-05-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Space Weather |
| spelling | doaj-art-b5e4259b316c4d61ba51026ee68ab9922025-01-14T16:27:30ZengWileySpace Weather1542-73902024-05-01225n/an/a10.1029/2024SW003879Even‐Order Harmonic Distortion Observations During Multiple Geomagnetic Disturbances: Investigation From New ZealandMalcolm Crack0Craig J. Rodger1Mark A. Clilverd2Daniel H. Mac Manus3Ian Martin4Michael Dalzell5Soren P. Subritzky6Neville R. Watson7Tanja Petersen8Department of Physics University of Otago Dunedin New ZealandDepartment of Physics University of Otago Dunedin New ZealandBritish Antarctic Survey (UKRI‐NERC) Cambridge UKDepartment of Physics University of Otago Dunedin New ZealandTranspower New Zealand Limited Wellington New ZealandTranspower New Zealand Limited Wellington New ZealandDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New ZealandDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New ZealandGNS Science Lower Hutt New ZealandAbstract Large geomagnetic storms are a space weather hazard to power transmission networks due to the effects of Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs). GIC can negatively impact power transmission systems through the generation of even‐order current and voltage harmonics due to half‐cycle transformer saturation. This study investigates a decade of even‐order voltage total harmonic distortion (hereon referred to as Even‐Order Total Harmonic Distortion (ETHD)) observations provided by Transpower New Zealand Ltd., the national system operator. We make use of ETHD measurements at 139 locations throughout New Zealand, monitored at 377 separate circuit breakers, focusing on 10 large geomagnetic disturbances during the period 2013–2023. Analysis identified 5 key substations, which appeared to act as sources of ETHD. The majority of these substations include single phase transformer banks, and evidence of significant GIC magnitudes. The ETHD from the source substations was found to propagate into the surrounding network, with the percentage distortion typically decaying away over distances of 150–200 km locally, that is, at a rate of −0.0043 %km−1. During the study period some significant changes occurred in the power network, that is, removal of the Halfway Bush (HWB) single phase bank transformer T4 in November 2017, and decommissioning of the New Plymouth substation in December 2019. Decommissioning of these two assets resulted in less ETHD occurring in the surrounding regions during subsequent geomagnetic storms. However, ETHD still increased at HWB with increasing levels of GIC, indicating that three phase transformer units were still susceptible to saturation, albeit with about 1/3 of the ETHD percentage exhibited by single phase transformers.https://doi.org/10.1029/2024SW003879 |
| spellingShingle | Malcolm Crack Craig J. Rodger Mark A. Clilverd Daniel H. Mac Manus Ian Martin Michael Dalzell Soren P. Subritzky Neville R. Watson Tanja Petersen Even‐Order Harmonic Distortion Observations During Multiple Geomagnetic Disturbances: Investigation From New Zealand Space Weather |
| title | Even‐Order Harmonic Distortion Observations During Multiple Geomagnetic Disturbances: Investigation From New Zealand |
| title_full | Even‐Order Harmonic Distortion Observations During Multiple Geomagnetic Disturbances: Investigation From New Zealand |
| title_fullStr | Even‐Order Harmonic Distortion Observations During Multiple Geomagnetic Disturbances: Investigation From New Zealand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Even‐Order Harmonic Distortion Observations During Multiple Geomagnetic Disturbances: Investigation From New Zealand |
| title_short | Even‐Order Harmonic Distortion Observations During Multiple Geomagnetic Disturbances: Investigation From New Zealand |
| title_sort | even order harmonic distortion observations during multiple geomagnetic disturbances investigation from new zealand |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1029/2024SW003879 |
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