High Cost of Survival Promotes the Evolution of Cooperation

Living organisms expend energy to sustain survival, a process which is reliant on consuming resources—termed here as the “cost of survival”. In the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), a classic model of social interaction, individual payoffs depend on choices to either provide benefits to others at a personal...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Oleg Smirnov
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Games
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/16/1/4
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Summary:Living organisms expend energy to sustain survival, a process which is reliant on consuming resources—termed here as the “cost of survival”. In the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), a classic model of social interaction, individual payoffs depend on choices to either provide benefits to others at a personal cost (cooperate) or exploit others to maximize personal gain (defect). We demonstrate that in an iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD), a simple “Always Cooperate” (ALLC) strategy evolves and remains evolutionarily stable when the cost of survival is sufficiently high, meaning exploited cooperators have a low probability of survival. We derive a rule for the evolutionary stability of cooperation, <b><i>x/z ></i></b><i>T/R</i>, where <i>x</i> represents the duration of mutual cooperation, <i>z</i> the duration of exploitation, <i>T</i> the defector’s free-riding payoff, and <i>R</i> the payoff for mutual cooperation. This finding suggests that higher survival costs can enhance social welfare by selecting for cooperative strategies.
ISSN:2073-4336