Exploring the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options of Multiple Sclerosis
The complicated neurological syndrome known as multiple sclerosis (MS) is typified by demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Managing this crippling illness requires an understanding of the complex interactions between neurophysiological systems, diag...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IMR Press
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Integrative Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.imrpress.com/journal/JIN/24/1/10.31083/JIN25081 |
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| author | Simone Lorenzut Ilaria Del Negro Giada Pauletto Lorenzo Verriello Leopoldo Spadea Carlo Salati Mutali Musa Caterina Gagliano Marco Zeppieri |
| author_facet | Simone Lorenzut Ilaria Del Negro Giada Pauletto Lorenzo Verriello Leopoldo Spadea Carlo Salati Mutali Musa Caterina Gagliano Marco Zeppieri |
| author_sort | Simone Lorenzut |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The complicated neurological syndrome known as multiple sclerosis (MS) is typified by demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Managing this crippling illness requires an understanding of the complex interactions between neurophysiological systems, diagnostic techniques, and therapeutic methods. A complex series of processes, including immunological dysregulation, inflammation, and neurodegeneration, are involved in the pathogenesis of MS. Gene predisposition, autoreactive T cells, B cells, and cytokines are essential participants in the development of the disease. Demyelination interferes with the ability of the CNS to transmit signals, which can cause a variety of neurological symptoms, including impaired motor function, sensory deficiencies, and cognitive decline. Developing tailored therapeutics requires understanding the underlying processes guiding the course of the disease. Neuroimaging, laboratory testing, and clinical examination are all necessary for an accurate MS diagnosis. Evoked potentials and cerebrospinal fluid studies assist in verifying the diagnosis, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for identifying distinctive lesions in the CNS. Novel biomarkers have the potential to increase diagnostic precision and forecast prognosis. The goals of MS treatment options are to control symptoms, lower disease activity, and enhance quality of life. To stop relapses and reduce the course of the disease, disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) target several components of the immune response. DMTs that are now on the market include interferons, glatiramer acetate, monoclonal antibodies, and oral immunomodulators; each has a unique mode of action and safety profile. Symptomatic treatments improve patients' general well-being by addressing specific symptoms, including pain, sphincter disorders, fatigue, and spasticity. Novel treatment targets, neuroprotective tactics, and personalized medicine techniques will be the main focus of MS research in the future. Improving long-term outcomes for MS patients and optimizing disease treatment may be possible by utilizing immunology, genetics, and neuroimaging developments. This study concludes by highlighting the complexity of multiple MS, including its changing therapeutic landscape, diagnostic problems, and neurophysiological foundations. A thorough grasp of these elements is essential to improving our capacity to identify, manage, and eventually overcome this intricate neurological condition. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b5c1a3281311417d92df44760219d2b5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0219-6352 1757-448X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IMR Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Integrative Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj-art-b5c1a3281311417d92df44760219d2b52025-01-25T07:38:07ZengIMR PressJournal of Integrative Neuroscience0219-63521757-448X2025-01-012412508110.31083/JIN25081S0219-6352(24)00840-4Exploring the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options of Multiple SclerosisSimone Lorenzut0Ilaria Del Negro1Giada Pauletto2Lorenzo Verriello3Leopoldo Spadea4Carlo Salati5Mutali Musa6Caterina Gagliano7Marco Zeppieri8Neurology Unit, “Head, Neck and Neurosciences” Department, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, ItalyNeurology Unit, S. Tommaso dei Battuti Hospital, 30026 Portrogruaro (Venice), ItalyNeurology Unit, “Head, Neck and Neurosciences” Department, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, ItalyNeurology Unit, “Head, Neck and Neurosciences” Department, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, ItalyEye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00142 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, ItalyDepartment of Optometry, University of Benin, 300238 Benin, Edo, NigeriaDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, ItalyDepartment of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, ItalyThe complicated neurological syndrome known as multiple sclerosis (MS) is typified by demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Managing this crippling illness requires an understanding of the complex interactions between neurophysiological systems, diagnostic techniques, and therapeutic methods. A complex series of processes, including immunological dysregulation, inflammation, and neurodegeneration, are involved in the pathogenesis of MS. Gene predisposition, autoreactive T cells, B cells, and cytokines are essential participants in the development of the disease. Demyelination interferes with the ability of the CNS to transmit signals, which can cause a variety of neurological symptoms, including impaired motor function, sensory deficiencies, and cognitive decline. Developing tailored therapeutics requires understanding the underlying processes guiding the course of the disease. Neuroimaging, laboratory testing, and clinical examination are all necessary for an accurate MS diagnosis. Evoked potentials and cerebrospinal fluid studies assist in verifying the diagnosis, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for identifying distinctive lesions in the CNS. Novel biomarkers have the potential to increase diagnostic precision and forecast prognosis. The goals of MS treatment options are to control symptoms, lower disease activity, and enhance quality of life. To stop relapses and reduce the course of the disease, disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) target several components of the immune response. DMTs that are now on the market include interferons, glatiramer acetate, monoclonal antibodies, and oral immunomodulators; each has a unique mode of action and safety profile. Symptomatic treatments improve patients' general well-being by addressing specific symptoms, including pain, sphincter disorders, fatigue, and spasticity. Novel treatment targets, neuroprotective tactics, and personalized medicine techniques will be the main focus of MS research in the future. Improving long-term outcomes for MS patients and optimizing disease treatment may be possible by utilizing immunology, genetics, and neuroimaging developments. This study concludes by highlighting the complexity of multiple MS, including its changing therapeutic landscape, diagnostic problems, and neurophysiological foundations. A thorough grasp of these elements is essential to improving our capacity to identify, manage, and eventually overcome this intricate neurological condition.https://www.imrpress.com/journal/JIN/24/1/10.31083/JIN25081multiple sclerosispathophysiologyclinical phenotypesneuroimagingtreatment |
| spellingShingle | Simone Lorenzut Ilaria Del Negro Giada Pauletto Lorenzo Verriello Leopoldo Spadea Carlo Salati Mutali Musa Caterina Gagliano Marco Zeppieri Exploring the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options of Multiple Sclerosis Journal of Integrative Neuroscience multiple sclerosis pathophysiology clinical phenotypes neuroimaging treatment |
| title | Exploring the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options of Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_full | Exploring the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options of Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_fullStr | Exploring the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options of Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options of Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_short | Exploring the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options of Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_sort | exploring the pathophysiology diagnosis and treatment options of multiple sclerosis |
| topic | multiple sclerosis pathophysiology clinical phenotypes neuroimaging treatment |
| url | https://www.imrpress.com/journal/JIN/24/1/10.31083/JIN25081 |
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