Hints of Disk Substructure in the First Brown Dwarf with a Dynamical Mass Constraint
We present high-resolution Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations at 0.89 mm of the Class II brown dwarf 2MASS J04442713+2512164 (2M0444), achieving a spatial resolution of 0 $\mathop{.}\limits^{^{\prime\prime} }$ 046 (∼6.4 au at the distance to the source). These observati...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/add71f |
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| author | Alejandro Santamaría-Miranda Pietro Curone Laura Pérez Nicolas T. Kurtovic Carolina Agurto-Gangas Anibal Sierra Itziar de Gregorio-Monsalvo Nuria Huélamo James M. Miley Aina Palau Paola Pinilla Isabel Rebollido Álvaro Ribas Pablo Rivière-Marichalar Matthias R. Schreiber Jinshi Sai Benjamín Carrera |
| author_facet | Alejandro Santamaría-Miranda Pietro Curone Laura Pérez Nicolas T. Kurtovic Carolina Agurto-Gangas Anibal Sierra Itziar de Gregorio-Monsalvo Nuria Huélamo James M. Miley Aina Palau Paola Pinilla Isabel Rebollido Álvaro Ribas Pablo Rivière-Marichalar Matthias R. Schreiber Jinshi Sai Benjamín Carrera |
| author_sort | Alejandro Santamaría-Miranda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present high-resolution Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations at 0.89 mm of the Class II brown dwarf 2MASS J04442713+2512164 (2M0444), achieving a spatial resolution of 0 $\mathop{.}\limits^{^{\prime\prime} }$ 046 (∼6.4 au at the distance to the source). These observations targeted continuum emission together with ^12 CO (3–2) molecular line. The line emission traces a Keplerian disk, allowing us to derive a dynamical mass between 0.043 and 0.092 M _⊙ for the central object. We constrain the gas-to-dust disk size ratio to be ∼7, consistent with efficient radial drift. However, the observed dust emission suggests that a dust trap is present, enough to retain some dust particles. We perform visibility fitting of the continuum emission, and under the assumption of annular substructure, our best fit shows a gap and a ring at 98.1 ${}_{-8.4}^{+4.2}$ mas (∼14 au) and 116.0 ${}_{-4.8}^{+4.2}$ mas (∼16 au), respectively, with a gap width of 20 mas (∼3 au). To ensure robustness, the data were analyzed through a variety of methods in both the image and uv planes, employing multiple codes and approaches. This tentative disk structure could be linked to a possible planetary companion in the process of formation. These results provide the first dynamical mass of the lowest mass object to date, together with the possible direct detection of a substructure, offering new insights into disk dynamics and planet formation in the very low-mass regime. Future higher spatial resolution ALMA observations will be essential to confirm these findings and further investigate the link between substructures and planet formation in brown dwarf disks. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b5a18400102d4abab49a1d2fc86b265e |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| spelling | doaj-art-b5a18400102d4abab49a1d2fc86b265e2025-08-20T02:03:31ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052025-01-019861L1110.3847/2041-8213/add71fHints of Disk Substructure in the First Brown Dwarf with a Dynamical Mass ConstraintAlejandro Santamaría-Miranda0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6267-2820Pietro Curone1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2045-2154Laura Pérez2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1199-9564Nicolas T. Kurtovic3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2358-4796Carolina Agurto-Gangas4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7238-2306Anibal Sierra5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5991-8073Itziar de Gregorio-Monsalvo6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4518-407XNuria Huélamo7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2711-8143James M. Miley8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1575-680XAina Palau9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9569-9234Paola Pinilla10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-1780Isabel Rebollido11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-6417Álvaro Ribas12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3133-3580Pablo Rivière-Marichalar13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0969-8137Matthias R. Schreiber14https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-8009Jinshi Sai15https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4361-5577Benjamín Carrera16https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1435-4421Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile ; alejandrosantamariamiranda@gmail.comDepartamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile ; alejandrosantamariamiranda@gmail.comDepartamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile ; alejandrosantamariamiranda@gmail.comMax-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik , Giessenbachstrasse1, 85748 Garching, GermanyDepartamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile ; alejandrosantamariamiranda@gmail.comMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKEuropean Southern Observatory , 3107, Alonso de Córdova, Santiago de Chile, ChileCentro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC) , ESAC campus, Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainDepartamento de F ísica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile , Av. Victor Jara 3659, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus on Young Exoplanets and their Moons (YEMS) , Chile; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Astrophysics Space Exploration (CIRAS), Universidad de Santiago de Chile , ChileInstituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro #8701, Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58089, MéxicoMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKEuropean Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) , Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UKObservatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN , IGN), Calle Alfonso XII, 3. 28014 Madrid, SpainDepartamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María , Av. España 1680, Valparaíso, ChileAcademia Sinica Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics , 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile ; alejandrosantamariamiranda@gmail.comWe present high-resolution Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations at 0.89 mm of the Class II brown dwarf 2MASS J04442713+2512164 (2M0444), achieving a spatial resolution of 0 $\mathop{.}\limits^{^{\prime\prime} }$ 046 (∼6.4 au at the distance to the source). These observations targeted continuum emission together with ^12 CO (3–2) molecular line. The line emission traces a Keplerian disk, allowing us to derive a dynamical mass between 0.043 and 0.092 M _⊙ for the central object. We constrain the gas-to-dust disk size ratio to be ∼7, consistent with efficient radial drift. However, the observed dust emission suggests that a dust trap is present, enough to retain some dust particles. We perform visibility fitting of the continuum emission, and under the assumption of annular substructure, our best fit shows a gap and a ring at 98.1 ${}_{-8.4}^{+4.2}$ mas (∼14 au) and 116.0 ${}_{-4.8}^{+4.2}$ mas (∼16 au), respectively, with a gap width of 20 mas (∼3 au). To ensure robustness, the data were analyzed through a variety of methods in both the image and uv planes, employing multiple codes and approaches. This tentative disk structure could be linked to a possible planetary companion in the process of formation. These results provide the first dynamical mass of the lowest mass object to date, together with the possible direct detection of a substructure, offering new insights into disk dynamics and planet formation in the very low-mass regime. Future higher spatial resolution ALMA observations will be essential to confirm these findings and further investigate the link between substructures and planet formation in brown dwarf disks.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/add71fBrown dwarfsCircumstellar dustMillimeter astronomyPlanet formationProtoplanetary disksRadio interferometry |
| spellingShingle | Alejandro Santamaría-Miranda Pietro Curone Laura Pérez Nicolas T. Kurtovic Carolina Agurto-Gangas Anibal Sierra Itziar de Gregorio-Monsalvo Nuria Huélamo James M. Miley Aina Palau Paola Pinilla Isabel Rebollido Álvaro Ribas Pablo Rivière-Marichalar Matthias R. Schreiber Jinshi Sai Benjamín Carrera Hints of Disk Substructure in the First Brown Dwarf with a Dynamical Mass Constraint The Astrophysical Journal Letters Brown dwarfs Circumstellar dust Millimeter astronomy Planet formation Protoplanetary disks Radio interferometry |
| title | Hints of Disk Substructure in the First Brown Dwarf with a Dynamical Mass Constraint |
| title_full | Hints of Disk Substructure in the First Brown Dwarf with a Dynamical Mass Constraint |
| title_fullStr | Hints of Disk Substructure in the First Brown Dwarf with a Dynamical Mass Constraint |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hints of Disk Substructure in the First Brown Dwarf with a Dynamical Mass Constraint |
| title_short | Hints of Disk Substructure in the First Brown Dwarf with a Dynamical Mass Constraint |
| title_sort | hints of disk substructure in the first brown dwarf with a dynamical mass constraint |
| topic | Brown dwarfs Circumstellar dust Millimeter astronomy Planet formation Protoplanetary disks Radio interferometry |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/add71f |
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