Formulation of W/O/W Emulsion-Based Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules for Encapsulation of Cannabidiol and <i>A. annua</i> L. Extract Containing Luteolin and Apigenin: A Response Surface Optimization Approach
<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Chitosan–alginate microcapsules were produced to encapsulate bioactive compounds from <i>Artemisia annua</i> L. extract (apigenin, luteolin) and cannabidiol (CBD). The study aimed to optimize emulsion composition and encapsulation parameters for...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Emilija Nemickaite Ugne Zlabiene Agne Mazurkeviciute Mindaugas Marksa Jurga Bernatoniene |
| author_facet | Emilija Nemickaite Ugne Zlabiene Agne Mazurkeviciute Mindaugas Marksa Jurga Bernatoniene |
| author_sort | Emilija Nemickaite |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Chitosan–alginate microcapsules were produced to encapsulate bioactive compounds from <i>Artemisia annua</i> L. extract (apigenin, luteolin) and cannabidiol (CBD). The study aimed to optimize emulsion composition and encapsulation parameters for potential applications in food supplements and pharmaceuticals. <b>Methods:</b> A water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion and a modified coacervation extrusion technique were employed. The study was conducted in two phases using response surface methodology. Key metrics included encapsulation efficiency (EE), yield (EY), cumulative release in vitro, and physicochemical and morphological properties, analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). <b>Results:</b> The optimal conditions were identified as 0.1% Tween 20, 3.8% Span 80, 3.8% CBD, 19.9% <i>A. annua</i> L. extract, 1.5% outer-phase Tween 20, 48.5% sodium alginate, 200 rpm stirring for 30 min, and a 0.05 mL/min flow rate. The EE values were 80.32 ± 4.11% for CBD, 88.13 ± 3.13% for apigenin, and 88.41 ± 4.17% for luteolin, with respective cumulative releases of 77.18 ± 4.4%, 75.12 ± 4.81%, and 75.32 ± 4.53%. <b>Conclusions:</b> The developed microcapsules demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency and controlled release, highlighting their potential for further development in food supplements and pharmaceuticals. Future studies should focus on refining the formulation for improved bioavailability and stability. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b581f4d57b944b4e82ba38abb9306c00 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj-art-b581f4d57b944b4e82ba38abb9306c002025-08-20T02:42:24ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232025-02-0117330910.3390/pharmaceutics17030309Formulation of W/O/W Emulsion-Based Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules for Encapsulation of Cannabidiol and <i>A. annua</i> L. Extract Containing Luteolin and Apigenin: A Response Surface Optimization ApproachEmilija Nemickaite0Ugne Zlabiene1Agne Mazurkeviciute2Mindaugas Marksa3Jurga Bernatoniene4Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, LithuaniaInstitute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, LithuaniaInstitute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, LithuaniaDepartment of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, LithuaniaDepartment of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Chitosan–alginate microcapsules were produced to encapsulate bioactive compounds from <i>Artemisia annua</i> L. extract (apigenin, luteolin) and cannabidiol (CBD). The study aimed to optimize emulsion composition and encapsulation parameters for potential applications in food supplements and pharmaceuticals. <b>Methods:</b> A water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion and a modified coacervation extrusion technique were employed. The study was conducted in two phases using response surface methodology. Key metrics included encapsulation efficiency (EE), yield (EY), cumulative release in vitro, and physicochemical and morphological properties, analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). <b>Results:</b> The optimal conditions were identified as 0.1% Tween 20, 3.8% Span 80, 3.8% CBD, 19.9% <i>A. annua</i> L. extract, 1.5% outer-phase Tween 20, 48.5% sodium alginate, 200 rpm stirring for 30 min, and a 0.05 mL/min flow rate. The EE values were 80.32 ± 4.11% for CBD, 88.13 ± 3.13% for apigenin, and 88.41 ± 4.17% for luteolin, with respective cumulative releases of 77.18 ± 4.4%, 75.12 ± 4.81%, and 75.32 ± 4.53%. <b>Conclusions:</b> The developed microcapsules demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency and controlled release, highlighting their potential for further development in food supplements and pharmaceuticals. Future studies should focus on refining the formulation for improved bioavailability and stability.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/3/309sodium alginatechitosandouble emulsionsmicrocapsules<i>Artemisia annua</i> L. |
| spellingShingle | Emilija Nemickaite Ugne Zlabiene Agne Mazurkeviciute Mindaugas Marksa Jurga Bernatoniene Formulation of W/O/W Emulsion-Based Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules for Encapsulation of Cannabidiol and <i>A. annua</i> L. Extract Containing Luteolin and Apigenin: A Response Surface Optimization Approach Pharmaceutics sodium alginate chitosan double emulsions microcapsules <i>Artemisia annua</i> L. |
| title | Formulation of W/O/W Emulsion-Based Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules for Encapsulation of Cannabidiol and <i>A. annua</i> L. Extract Containing Luteolin and Apigenin: A Response Surface Optimization Approach |
| title_full | Formulation of W/O/W Emulsion-Based Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules for Encapsulation of Cannabidiol and <i>A. annua</i> L. Extract Containing Luteolin and Apigenin: A Response Surface Optimization Approach |
| title_fullStr | Formulation of W/O/W Emulsion-Based Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules for Encapsulation of Cannabidiol and <i>A. annua</i> L. Extract Containing Luteolin and Apigenin: A Response Surface Optimization Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Formulation of W/O/W Emulsion-Based Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules for Encapsulation of Cannabidiol and <i>A. annua</i> L. Extract Containing Luteolin and Apigenin: A Response Surface Optimization Approach |
| title_short | Formulation of W/O/W Emulsion-Based Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules for Encapsulation of Cannabidiol and <i>A. annua</i> L. Extract Containing Luteolin and Apigenin: A Response Surface Optimization Approach |
| title_sort | formulation of w o w emulsion based chitosan alginate microcapsules for encapsulation of cannabidiol and i a annua i l extract containing luteolin and apigenin a response surface optimization approach |
| topic | sodium alginate chitosan double emulsions microcapsules <i>Artemisia annua</i> L. |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/3/309 |
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